HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE:
NUTRITION AND
DIGESTION
LESSON 2
ANIMAL NUTRITION
Animal nutrition is the process of taking in, taking apart and taking up the nutrients from a food source.
Food: processing has four main stages:
INGESTION – acquisition of food material
DIGESTION – breaking down of food material into nutrients
ABSORPTION – acquisition and circulation of nutrients in the
body
ELIMINATION/EGESTION – removal of waste/undisgested
material.
MECHANISMS OF INGESTION
Filter feeding- uses
adaptation in feeding
food particles from the
environment, which is
usually aquatic. Examples
of these are clams,
mussels, whales, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTZ211cIjX8
MECHANISMS OF INGESTION
Substrate feeding-
animals live in or on
their food source.
Examples of this are the
leaf miner, maggots and
other parasites.
MECHANISMS OF INGESTION
Fluid feeding- animals suck
nutrient-rich fluid from a host
or a source. They have different
adaptations in order to get
food such as the proboscis of
mosquitoes, the long tongue of
nectar feeding bats and long
beaks of hummingbirds
MECHANISMS OF INGESTION
Bulk feeding- animals, such
as us humans, take in large
particle sized food. Different
animals have acquired
different adaptations such as
tentacles, claws, venomous
fangs, large mandible and
teeth which aids in killing
prey or tearing off pieces of
meat or vegetation
Write the name of each colored organ:
Yellow
Green:
Red:
Pink:
Brown:
Purple:
Green:
Yellow:
How’d you do?
Green: Esophagus
Red: Stomach
Pink: Small
Intestine
Brown: Large
Intestine
Purple: Liver
Green: Gall Bladder
Yellow: Pancreas
Great Job!
TYPES OF DIGESTION
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of chunks
of food into smaller pieces. This type of digestion takes
place mainly in the mouth and stomach.
Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown of large,
complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient
molecules that can be absorbed by the blood. This type of
digestion begins in the mouth and stomach but occurs
mainly in the small intestine.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The mouth is the first digestive
organ that food enters. The sight,
smell, or taste of food stimulates the
release of digestive enzymes by
salivary glands inside the mouth.
The major salivary enzyme is
amylase. It begins the chemical
digestion of carbohydrates by
breaking down starch into sugar. The
mouth also begins the process of
mechanical digestion.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
From the pharynx, the
food moves into the
esophagus. The esophagus
is a long, narrow tube that
passes food from the
pharynx to the stomach by
peristalsis.
PERISTALSIS
PERISTALSIS
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The stomach is a sac-like
organ in which food is
further digested both
mechanically and chemically.
It has a very pH due to
hydrochloric acid which is
needed by enzymes there to
do their function.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The small intestine is a
narrow tube about 7 meters
(23 feet) long in adults. It is
the site of most chemical
digestion and virtually all
absorption. The small
intestine consists of three
parts: the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum.
ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
Absorption
happens in the
small fingerlike
structures called
villi.
ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
From the small intestine, any remaining
food wastes pass into the large
intestine. The large intestine is a
relatively wide tube that connects the
small intestine with the anus. Like the
small intestine, the large intestine also
consists of three parts: the cecum (or
caecum), colon, and rectum.
Large intestine is the site of water
reabsorption.
ACCESSORY ORGANS
ACCESSORY ORGANS
– produces enzymes necessary for digestion
- not part of the GIT
Salivary glands –
ptyalin and mucin
Liver – bile (stored
in gallbladder)
Pancreas -
pancreatic juice
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
Understanding the Digestive
Systems
Ruminants Non-ruminants
A RUMINANT ANIMAL
Has four distinctive compartments in its
stomach, which swallows its food essentially
unchewed, regurgitates, and chews it
thoroughly and reswallows it again.
Examples include cattle, sheep, goats, deer,
rhinos, and elk.
Rumination (regurgitation)
Rumen, where it is processed mechanically and
exposed to bacteria than can break down
cellulose.
The Reticulum allows the animal to regurgitate
& reprocess particulate matter ("chew its cud").
More finely-divided food is then passed to the
Omasum, for further mechanical processing
The mass is finally passed to the true stomach,
the Abomassum, where the digestive enzyme
lysozyme breaks down the bacteria so as to
release nutrients
A NONRUMINANT ANIMAL
Has a single compartment in its
stomach, which swallows its food
after chewing and does not
regurgitate its food.
Examples include pigs, humans,
bears, and dogs.
Nonruminant Digestion
food is swallowed
directly into the
single stomach
compartment
it is mixed with
digestive juices
What do animals need to live?
Animals make energy
using:
– food food
– oxygen
Animals build bodies
using:
– food for raw materials ATP
• amino acids, sugars,
O2
fats, nucleotides mitochondri
– ATP energy for a
synthesis
Different diets; different bodies
Adaptations of herbivore vs. carnivore
– teeth
– length of digestive system
– number & size of stomachs
Teeth
Carnivore
– sharp ripping
teeth
– “canines”
Herbivore
– wide grinding
teeth
– molars
Omnivore
– both kinds of
teeth
