Data Communication &
Networks
Lecture # 5: TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
Ms. Mariya Hanif
Sr. Lecturer (Software Engineering)
[email protected] Department of Computing & Information Technology
IQRA University, Islamabad Campus
MS. MARIYA HANIF (DCN)
Note
If the available channel is a bandpass channel, we cannot send the
digital signal directly to the channel;
we need to convert the digital signal to an analog signal before
transmission.
Modulation of a digital signal for transmission on a bandpass channel
TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
Signals travel through transmission media, which are not perfect. The imperfection causes
signal impairment. This means that the signal at the beginning of the medium is not the
same as the signal at the end of the medium. What is sent is not what is received. Three
causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise.
Figure 3.25 Causes of impairment
Attenuation
3.6
Example 3.26
Suppose a signal travels through a transmission medium and its power is reduced to one-half.
This means that P2 is (1/2)P1. In this case, the attenuation (loss of power) can be calculated as
A loss of 3 dB (–3 dB) is equivalent to losing one-half the power.
3.7
Example 3.27
A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is increased 10 times. This means that P 2 =
10P1 . In this case, the amplification (gain of power) can be calculated as
3.8
Example 3.27
A signal travels through an amplifier, and its power is increased 10 times. This means that P 2 =
10P1 . In this case, the amplification (gain of power) can be calculated as
3.9
Example 3.29
Sometimes the decibel is used to measure signal power in milliwatts. In this case, it is referred to
as dBm and is calculated as dBm = 10 log10 Pm , where Pm is the power in milliwatts. Calculate
the power of a signal with dBm = −30.
Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
3.10
Distortion
3.11
Noise
3.12
Example 3.31
The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 μW; what are the values of SNR
and SNRdB ?
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:
3.13
Example 3.31
The power of a signal is 10 mW and the power of the noise is 1 μW; what are the values of SNR
and SNRdB ?
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as follows:
3.14
Example 3.32
The values of SNR and SNRdB for a noiseless channel are
We can never achieve this ratio in real life; it is an ideal.
3.15
