ZIRCONIA
Asha C S
First year MDS
CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Properties
Transformation toughening
Uses of zirconia
Manufacturing
Bonding of zirconia
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
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Arabic word ‘Zargon’ -golden in colour
Persian words ‘Zar’ -Gold and
‘Gun’ –Colour
Zircon (ZrSiO4)has been known as a popular gem for ages
(in ancient Egypt)
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• Zirconium (Zr) is a very strong metal with similar chemical and
physical properties to titanium (Ti).
• Found in ores like zirconate and baddeleyite
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What is Zirconia ?
•Zirconia is a crystalline dioxide (ZrO2) of zirconium.
•Baddelyite contains levels of zirconia ranging from 96.5%
to 98.5%,so it is a source of extreme purity in obtaining
zirconium metal and its compounds.
HISTORY
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• Zirconium oxide, or zirconia, was first identified as a reaction product of
heating the gem( zircon) - German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1789
• Isolated in 1824 by the Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius.
• First research paper - use of ZrO2 as a biomaterial was published by Helmer
and Driskel in 1969
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• Zirconia was first used for medical purposes in 1969
for orthopedic application
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• In the field of restorative dentistry, zirconia has been used
for root canal posts since 1989
• for abutment since 1995
• all ceramic posterior FPD's since 1998
• the first use of zirconia as a dental implant material in
humans was reported in 2004.
(Coli P, Karlsson S.,2004)
PROPERTIES OF ZIRCONIA 9
Physical properties :
Low thermal conductivity (20% that of
alumina)
Opaque
Chemical properties:
Chemically inert and corrosion resistant
Biological properties:
Highly Biocompatible and less toxic
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Mechanical properties:
Flexural strength 900 Mpa
Compresive strength 2000MPa
Fracture toughness 8-10 MPa · m1/2
High fracture resistance
Wear of opposing dentition (Monolithic Zirconia)
Difficulty in adjusting occlusion
ZIRCONIA PHASE
TRANSFORMATION
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• The transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic is rapid and
is accompanied by a 3 to 5 percent volume increase
• The zirconia tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation is
known to be a martensitic transformation
TRANSFORMATION
TOUGHENING
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• The volume expansion caused by the cubic to tetragonal to monoclinic
transformation induces large stresses, and these stresses cause ZrO2 to
crack upon cooling from high temperatures.
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• When the zirconia is blended with some other oxides, the tetragonal and/or
cubic phases are stabilized.
• Effective stabilizers include magnesium oxide (MgO), yttrium oxide (Y2O3,
yttria), calcium oxide (CaO), and cerium(III) oxide (Ce2O3)
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• Dental zirconia is, most often, a modified yttria (Y2O3) tetragonal
zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP).
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• In some cases, the tetragonal phase
can be metastable.
If sufficient quantities of the metastable tetragonal phase is present,
then an applied stress, magnified by the stress concentration at a
crack tip, can cause the tetragonal phase to convert to monoclinic,
with the associated volume expansion(4.4%).
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• This controlled, stress induced volume expansion of the tetragonal to
monoclinic transformation put the crack into compression, retarding its
growth, and enhancing the fracture toughness.
• This mechanism is known as transformation toughening, and significantly
extends the reliability and lifetime of products made with stabilized
zirconia.
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“CERAMIC STEEL”
• It may be noted that zirconia has many features in common with
systems based on iron (stainless steel )as :
1. Three allotropes
2. Martensitic transformation
3. Metastable phases
Thus it is known as ceramic steel (Garvie et al , 1975)
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Aging (LTD) of Zirconia:
• Progressive and spontaneous phenomenon
results in the degradation of the mechanical
properties of Y-TZP and is exacerbated in the
presence of water, steam or fluids.
• Aging occurs through a slow surface
transformation to the monoclinic stable phase.
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USES OF ZIRCONIA IN DENTISTRY
• Crowns and bridges
• Inlays and Onlays
• Veneers
• Endodontic post and cores
• Fillers in dental composite
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• Implants
• Implant abutments
• Orthodontic brackets
• Precision attachments
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Zirconia individualized CAD/CAM implants
• in case of immediate implant placement.
• In short, after a tooth is extracted it is scanned and a
zirconium copy is milled.
• The milled copy has macro- retentive features which help
secure the new implant in the extraction socket.
• They report a 90% success rate
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MANUFACTURING
PROCEDURES
1.Technique of ceramic infiltration (slip
casting)
2.Machined ceramics
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TYPES OF ZIRCONIA BLANKS AVAILABLE
1. Fully sintered zirconia ( "hot isostatic pressing”) (TZP)-hard
machining
2. Partially sintered zirconia(PSZ)-soft machining
3. Nonsintered or "green state" zirconia- soft machining
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Zirconia sintering Temperature
• final sintering temperatures varying between 1350 and 1550 ◦C
depending on the manufacturer.
• The microstructure of 3Y-TZP ceramics for dental applications
consists of small equiaxed grains (0.2–0.5 µm) in diameter, depending
on the sintering temperature
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ZIRCONIA-TOUGHENED ALUMINA(ZTA)
• A stress-induced transformation capability of zirconia is utilized to combine
it with an alumina matrix, leading to a zirconia-toughened alumina(ZTA)
• 70-90% alumina and 10-20% zirconia
• The strength is doubled and toughness is increased 2-4 times
• The alumina matrix contributes to the hydrothermal stability of zirconia by
decreasing the LTD phenomena (Chevalier and Gremillard, 2009; Jiang et al., 2013)
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Monolithic zirconia
• Full Zirconia is a monolithic
zirconia crown with no porcelain
overlay.
• Perfect for bruxers and grinders
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Bonding to Zirconia
• Surface treatment of zirconia produces an activated surface in
different applications.
• Resistant to aggressive chemical treatment.
• Very aggressive mechanical abrasion methods must be used to
provide sufficient surface roughness
Presentation title 33
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LUTING CEMENTS
• Glass ionomer (GIC) and resin-based cements - for bonding ceramic
restorations to the remaining tooth structure
• MDP-containing resin cement -popular choice for luting ZrO2
prosthetics in clinical applications due to its low failure rate and loss of
retention.
• The hydroxyl groups of the passive zirconia surface bond to the
phosphate ester group of the MDP.
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CONCLUSION
Although clinical long-term evaluations are a
critical requirement to conclude that zirconia
ceramics has a good reliability for dental use,
biological, mechanical, and clinical studies indicate
that Zirconia restorations are both well tolerated and
sufficiently resistant.
References 36
1. A D Bonna et.alZirconia as a dental
biomaterial.Materials.2015;8:4978-91
2. Z Khamverdi et al.Zirconia :An up- to-date
literature review.DJH.2012;4:1-15
3. MN Aboushelib et al.Bonding to Zirconia(A
systematic review).Open Access Journal of Dental
Sciences.2016
4. K Nakamura et al.Zirconia as a Dental Implant
AbutmentMaterial: A Systematic Review.Int. J
Prosth.2010
5. 5. R Pandero et al .Zirconia in fixed prosthesis. A
literature review . Journal Clin Exp
Dent.2014;6:66-73
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