1

Pengenalan Pemetaan Utiliti

& Garis Panduan Pemetaan Utiliti
 Kandungan
2

 Pendahulan dan Latar Belakang

 Garis Panduan Pemetaan Utiliti Bawah Tanah

(Standard Guideline for Underground Utility
Mapping)

 Garis Panduan Ukuran Pepasangan Utiliti (Guideline

for Underground Utility Survey)
Pendahuluan

 Mengenalpasti jenis dan

kedudukan utiliti bawah
tanah melalui koordinat,
ofset

 Mengenalpasti jenis utiliti,

ciri-ciri spt jenis paip,
muatan, arah aliran dsb

 Menyediakan peta/pelan
bagi menunjukkan
maklumat utiliti bawah
tanah
 Kerosakan Utiliti Bawah
Tanah

Burst water
pipes

Damage
power cables
Damage
communication
cables
 Pendahuluan
Skop Kerja

 Pengesanan (detection)

 Penentududukan (positioning)

 Pemprosesan (processing)

 Pengurusan data (data management)

Pepasangan utiliti yang terlibat:

Kabel letrik, kabel telekomunikasi, paip air,

saluran gas dan saluran pembentungan
 Arahan Kabinet

 Jemaah Menteri semasa menimbangkan Memorandum daripada

Menteri Kerja Raya No. 599/1939/94 pada 24 Ogos 1994 yang
bertajuk

“ Masalah Kerja-Kerja Pengalihan Kemudahan Awam

Dalam Rizab Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) ”

Berkaitan masalah gangguan perkhidmatan utiliti akibat drpd

kerosakan saluran utiliti bawah tanah apabila kerja pengorekan
dilakukan tanpa maklumat lokasi utiliti yang mencukupi atau
dengan menggunakan maklumat yang tidak tepat.
 Arahan Kabinet

 Jemaah Menteri telah memutuskan supaya:

“ Jabatan Ukur dan Pemetaan menyimpan

peta-peta (susunatur dan kemudahan awam
yang dipasang di bawah tanah) yang
berkaitan di samping agensi-agensi
kemudahan awam itu sendiri. ”
 Arahan Kabinet

 Dalam mesyuarat pada14 Feb 1998, Jemaah Menteri telah

bersetuju dengan perakuan Kementerian Tenaga, Telekom dan
Pos mengenai langkah-langkah penyelesaian bagi mengatasi
gangguan perkhidmatan yang diakibatkan oleh perbuatan
kontraktor. Antara langkah-langkah penyelesaian adalah spt bkt:

 Pihak utiliti dikehendaki mengemaskini semua database utk

membolehkan pemaju memperolehi maklumat yang tepat sebelum
pemasangan paip dan kabel dibuat. Ini membolehkan JUPEM
mengemaskini digitized plan dari masa ke semasa.

 Pelaksanaan GIS hendaklah disegerakan bagi membolehkan

penggunaannya di seluruh negara.
 Peranan JUPEM
9

 Mendapatkan data utiliti dari semua penyedia

utiliti

 JUPEM menyediakan pangkalan data utiliti

 Melaksanakan konsep GIS

 Pengemaskinian data oleh penyedia utiliti

 Tindakan JUPEM

 Menubuhkan Seksyen Pemetaan Utiliti di bawah Bahagian Pemetaan

 Membangunkan Pangkalan Data Utiliti (PADU)

 Membangunkan kod butiran bagi kategori utiliti dalam MS1759 - Feature and
Attributes Codes

 Menubuhkan JK Teknikal Pemetaan Utiliti (di bawah JK Pemetaan dan Data Spatial
Negara)

 Menerbitkan Garis Panduan Mengenai Pemetaan Utiliti Bawah Tanah

(Pek. KPUP Bil.1/2006)

 Menerbitkan Garis Panduan Ukuran Pepasangan Utiliti (Pek KPUP Bil.

1/2007)
 Tujuan Garis Panduan

 Garis Panduan Mengenai Pemetaan Utiliti Bawah Tanah

(Pek. KPUP Bil.1/2006)

 Menyelaras dan menyeragamkan amalan-amalan berhubung-kait dengan pemetaan utiliti.

 Menetapkan tahap kualiti bagi data

 Garis Panduan Ukuran Pepasangan Utiliti

(Pek. KPUP Bil.1/2007)

 Menetapkan peraturan dan prosedur pengukuran bagi semua utiliti bawah tanah yang
sedia ada dan pemasangan baru
 12

Standard Guideline For

Underground Utility
Mapping
(Pek. KPUP Bil.1/2006)
 Standard Guideline for
Underground Utility
Mapping
 Standard Guideline for Underground Utility Mapping
(KPUP Circular 1/2006)

– roles of stakeholders
- classification of quality levels
- specifications of underground utility maps
- creation and maintenance of underground utility
database by JUPEM
 Standard Guideline for
Underground Utility
Mapping
 Role of utility owners
- enables surveyors to access existing underground utility records
- furnish existing underground utility information with its metadata for inclusion
into the underground utility database
- furnish information on utility relocation for maintenance of underground utility
database
- ensure all new underground utility installation attain quality level A

 Role of surveyors
- provide consultation to utility owners
- conduct utility survey and prepare underground utility maps
- indicate quality level of each utility surveyed
- certify utility maps

 Role of JUPEM
create, populate and maintain underground utility database with:
- utility data provided by utility owners
- utility data collected by JUPEM
- digital cadastral data and topographic data to form large scale base map
 Quality Level D

 The position of buried utilities based on design plans or sketches

 For utilities where quality level is not known
 Lowest quality level
 Quality Level C

 Better than quality level D

 The position or alignment of buried utilities is based on surface
features

valve

10
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el

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k

m
ip ba
te rp m
wa Te
15 .4 m
5.0

20
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ine
m

el
30

p ip
’

a n
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al 5.4 at er
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valve 100° 45
’
25.54 m

T.R.
 Quality Level B

 Better than quality level C

 The position of buried utilities is determined and marked on the surface
by geophysical methods
 The position of the marks is surveyed to the accuracy of 10 cm
 Quality Level A

 Better than quality level B

 The position of buried utilities is determined by exposing the utilities by
intrusive excavation methods at specific locations
The horizontal and vertical location is surveyed reference to the
approved datum
 The position of utilities is
surveyed during
installation
 Survey done to the
accuracies at 10 cm or
better
 Highest quality level
 Equipment Calibration

 All survey and geophysical detection equipment

used to acquire quality level A and level B data
shall be appropriately calibrated to enable it to
achieve the required accuracy as specified in
this guideline
 Deliverables

 Basic Deliverables – hardcopy or mapping file

 Quality levels information (Line Code and Style, Labeling,
Symbol Embedding, Colour, Line weight, Layer,
Annotation)
 Parcel Boundaries
 Lot Numbers
 Names of Buildings, Street, Road or River
 North Arrow
 Scale Representation
 Map date
 Marginal information
 Disclaimer
 National Underground Utility
Database (PADU)
TOPOGRAPHIC
DATA TOPOGRAFI
DATA

DIGITIZATIO
N

Y D A TA
UTILIT

RAPHIC
DATA PEPASANGAN
TOPOG
D ATA
UTIITI PETA ORTOFOTO/ IMEJ
SATELIT

TRE
CA D A S
D ATA

UTILITY DATA IM A G
E DIGITAL
FROM UTILITY ORTHOPHOT
OWNER O

DATA UKURAN
CADASTRE
KADASTER DATA
 National Underground Utility
Database (PADU)

 Projections and coordinate systems

- GDM2000 and RSO Geocentric

 Data Exchange Standards – use of MS1759

 Metadata – compliance with ISO 19115

metadata standard
 23

Guideline For Underground

Utility Survey

(Pek. KPUP Bil.1/2007)

 Guideline for Underground
Utility Survey
 provides surveyors with the recommended technique and
practice for the execution of utility detection for quality
level A and B

 2 ways of obtaining underground utility information

- underground detection (non-invasive technique)

- survey of utilities during installation
 Underground Utility
Detection
Technique
Non-invasive technique

 Detecting buried utilities without disturbing target

 Technique employing electromagnetic principle

 Quality level B

 Improve quality by verifying using test holes

 Electromagnetic Locator (EML)

Receiver’s DO NOT find utilities

But they detect the electromagnetic field which is produced around any
CONDUCTIVE linear feature of the utilities
 Electromagnetic Locator (EML)

 Detection of metal pipes

 Equipment applies current to create a magnetic field which is
detected by its receiver.
 Null and Peak response on receiver
 The strongest response occurs when the antenna is directly above the
utility
 Techniques
 Direct connection Horizontal antenna
 clamping
 induction

 passive sweep and etc.

vertical antenna
Direction Connection
Clamping
Inductive Locating

• Place transmitter at logical

point to achieve desired results
and perform complete sweep
using receiver
• Disadvantage
– Less reliable
– Less accurate
– In congested areas, signal may jump
to nearby utilities
– Used when no other method
available
Passive Signal Sweep

• Sweep for a signal (60 Hz) using

the receiver.

• Technique allows detection of

live cable transmitting
electromagnetic wave.
Depth Measurement by EML

 Two antennas required

 Difference in signal strength

between top and bottom and
known distance between
antennas allows
computation of depth.

 Displays depth to 95%

accuracy
Depth Measurement by EML
Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
GPR – geophysical
imaging technique for
subsurface mapping
RADAR - an acronym
coined in 1923 for
Radio Detection and
Ranging
The most available
system commercially is
the impulse GPR
system.
 Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
GPR is a method developed for shallow, high-resolution,
subsurface investigations of the earth. GPR uses high frequency
pulsed electromagnetic waves (from 25 MHz to 2,000 MHz) to
acquire subsurface information.

GPR
Principle
 Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
Antenna

Position of
Delay time

the antenna
 Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)

Position of
Delay Time

the antenna
 Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
 impulse GPR works by sending
electromagnetic energy in very
short pulse into the ground.
 Reflected signal captured by
the receiver after hitting an
object in the ground is process
to produce a hyperbolic image.
 Depth is obtained from the
calibrated radar two way travel
time between the transmitter
and the utility
Ground Penetrating Radar
(GPR)
 Depth, range and resolution
depends on factors below:

 Radar frequency
 High freq. good for shallow
(700 MHz ~ 2 m ~ min. target size
of 1 cm)
 Low freq. good for deep

(250 MHz ~6 m ~ min. target size

of 5 cm)

 Transmitted power
 medium electromagnetic
properties – how conductive?
 Shape and characteristic of target
Detection Method Using (GPR)

Line of scanning. The first and last point of each line is surveyed.

Line of scanning. The first and last point is surveyed.

Direction of scanning

Underground Utility
 Depth Vs Frequency

Sensor Frekuensi Depth

Frekuensi Tinggi > 1000 MHz < 0.5 m
Frekuensi Sederhana
400 – 600 MHz 0.5 m – 1.5 m
Tinggi
Frekuensi Sederhana
200 – 400 MHz 1.5 m – 2.0 m
Rendah
Frekuensi Rendah < 200 MHz 2.0 m – 3.0 m
Detection Capabilities
 Control Survey

Executed simultaneoulsy
with underground utility
detection

Conventional survey
equipment

GPS
 Survey of Surface Features
44

Surface utilities
 - street light, overhead cables, pylon …
 - phone booth, antenna tower, satellite station …
 - reservoir, water tank, water meter, fire hydrant…
 - sewerage pond…

Topographic features
 – built environment
 - hydrography
 - relief
 - transportation
 Survey of Exposed Utilities

 Verify location of underground

utilities by test holes

 Survey of Utilities During

Installation
Verify Location Using Test
Holes
 Survey of Utilities During
Installation
 Least expensive
 Depth or z value can be
obtained with high accuracy
 Survey done with high
accuracy
 Properties of pipes/cable can
be determined
 Requires less field workers
 Minimise risk and danger
associated with working in a
confined space
an
Pl
 Most recommended for new ity
il
installation Ut
u ilt
–b
As
 Survey Reference

 Planimetry:
GDM2000 and RSO

 Vertical:
z value (based on mean sea level)
and depth
 Deliverables

 Digital survey plan in GIS format

 Plan verified by land surveyor

 Equipment calibration certificate

 MS 1759

 Malaysian Standard that specifies the

method for encoding of geospatial data
and provides the description of features
and their associated attributes for the
exchange of digital geographic
information.

 This Standard describes the

encoding of the world in terms
of features and attributes.
Features are real world objects
while attributes are properties
or characteristics associated
with the objects.
 Coding Structure
 Each feature is identified by a unique six-character code. The first
character corresponds to the feature category and can have an
alphabetic value from A through Z. Currently there are twelve feature
categories, including one category, X, which has been reserved for
special use (dataset-specific) features.

CODE CATEGORY

A Aeronautical
B Built Environment
D Demarcation
G Geology
H Hydrography
R Hypsography
S Soil
T Transportation
U Utility
V Vegetation
X Special Use (Dataset-specific)
Z General
 Coding Structure

 Each category is further divided into subcategories which are

identified by the second character of the six-digit code, containing
an alphabetic value from A through Z.

U-Utility

UA Electricity
UB Telecommunication
UC Water Supply
UD Oil and Gas
UE Broadcasting
UF Sewerage
UG Waste Management
UH Meteorological
 Coding Structure

 The third, fourth, fifth and sixth characters of the six-character

feature code are a numeric value from 0000 through 9999.

UA - Electricity
UA0010 - Power Line
UA0020 - Street Light

UB - Telecommunication
UB0010 - Telephone Exchange /
Switch
UB0020 - Telecommunication
Manhole

UC - Water Supply
UC0010 - Bunded Storage
UC0020 - Water Treatment Plant
 Attributes
 Used to describe characteristics of a feature.

 Described by using attribute codes or attributes values

 Attribute codes - identified by a unique three character

alphanumeric code. For example, the attribute “Power Line Type”
has the code PLT and the attribute “Power Station Type” has the
code PST.

 Attribute values - coded and actual

coded values - may range from 0 to 999 and each of the value has its
own meaning.
PLT 1 Transmission
PLT 2 Distribution

actual values - real measurements like height, width, date,

(alphanumeric, Integer, Lexical, real number or
structure text)
Rules for Documenting
New Features & Attributes
 feature and attribute names should be precise and unambiguous;
 attribute values should be self-describing;
 feature and attribute should not have the same name;
 feature or attribute can have multiple names but only one definition;
 feature or attribute name should not be used in the description of
the feature or attributes;
 feature name or definition should not specify if the feature is an
area, point or line feature;
 feature should be relatively permanent;
 feature should not be duplicated between categories;
 all attribute values are positive unless otherwise stated;
 boundary is just a spatial object or information that be considered a
line feature and not a perimeter or solid surface of an area or spatial
feature; and
 the systematic structure of the coding schema should be permanent.
No. Feature Image

1. Feature Code: UA0010

Feature Name: Power Line
Description: Cables that carry electricity power
Feature Class: Line
Possible Attribute: Name (NAM), Grade Location (GRL) Power
Line Characteristics (PLC), Power Line Type
(PLT), Voltage (VLT)

1. Feature Code UA0011 No Image

Feature Name Electricity Cable Depth
Description Point along electricity cable showing depth
obtained through direct measurement or
detection of any measuring or detecting
equipment
Feature Class Point
Possible Attribute Name (NAM), Depth (DPT)

2. Feature Code UA0012

Feature Name Electricity Cable Marker
Description A marker attached to permanent structure or
located on the ground that described the
underground power cable route
Feature Class Point
Possible Attribute Name (NAM)
 Attributes & Codes
GRL Grade Location
Identifies the location of a feature with respect to the ground
GRL 1 On ground
GRL 2 Underground
GRL 3 Elevated
GRL 4 Buried Underwater
GRL 5 Exposed Underwater

PST Power Station Type

Type of energy source used to generate power
PST 1 Hydroelectric
PST 2 Thermal
PST 3 Wind
PST 4 Solar
PST 5 Nuclear
PST 9 Others

PLT Power Line Type

Type of a power line
PLT 1 Transmission
PLT 2 Distribution

Voltage
A value representing the voltage of a power line

VLT 0 Actual Value

Units Format Range Increment Maximum Character

Volts Short Integer
57
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