Building Services 1

Module 1
Importance of Building Services -
Water supply & Sanitation
 Definition of Building Services
• Building Services are the lifeline systems of
any built form making it functionally
habitable, efficient, comfortable and safe.

• Building services essentially include fluid

systems, electrical & energy systems, lighting
systems, HVAC systems, security systems etc.
 Other Relevances
• According to The Chartered Institute of
Building Services Engineers (CIBSE):
• 'In any new construction project, building
services typically account for 30-40% of
the total cost.' (Ref. CIBSE fact sheet)
and buildings account for almost 50%
of carbon emissions (Ref. CIBSE).
Role of an architect in BS
Role of an architect in BS
Water supply and sanitation
 Water supply and sanitation

• Definition -Water Supply

• Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities,

commercial organisations, community endeavours or by
individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes.
• Aspects of service quality include: Continuity & Quanity of
supply, water quality and water pressure.
• The institutional responsibility for water supply is arranged
differently in different countries and regions (urban versus
rural). It usually includes issues surrounding policy and
regulation, service provision and standardization
 Water supply and sanitation
• Definition -Water supply network
• A water supply network or water supply
system is a system of
engineered hydrologic and hydraulic compone
nts that provide water supply
 Water supply and sanitation
• Definition -Water supply network
• Water supply system typically includes the following:
• Drainage basin
• Raw water collection point (above or below ground) where the water
accumulates, such as a lake, a river, or groundwater from
an underground aquifer.
• Water purification facilities. Treated water is transferred using water
pipes (usually underground).
• Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water
towers. Smaller water systems may store the water
in cisterns or pressure vessels. Tall buildings may also need to store
water locally in pressure vessels in order for the water to reach the
upper floors.
 Water supply and sanitation
• Definition -Water supply network
• Additional water pressurizing components such as pumping
stations may need to be situated at the outlet of underground or
aboveground reservoirs or cisterns (if gravity flow is impractical).
• A pipe network for distribution of water to consumers (which may
be private houses or industrial, commercial, or institution
establishments) and other usage points (such as fire hydrants)

• Connections to the sewers (underground pipes, or

aboveground ditches in some developing countries) are generally
found downstream of the water consumers, but the sewer system is
considered to be a separate system, rather than part of the water
supply system.
 Water supply and sanitation

Water Supply - India

• The design of water supply systems has been done

using certain standards. Currently the standard being
used is BIS 1172: 1993, reaffirmed in 1998. This
specifies a consideration of use of the following:
• For communities with a population of between 20,000
to 100,000 — 100 to 150 litres per head per day
• For communities with a population of over 100,000 —
150 to 200 litres per head per day.
 Water supply and sanitation

• Water Supply -India

• In its previous avatar there was also an attempt made in IS 1172
to understand the break-up of this demand which was then put
as 135 litres per person per day. The break-up was as follows:
• Bathing: 55 litres
• Toilet flushing: 30 litres
• Washing of clothes: 20 litres
• Washing the house: 10 litres
• Washing utensils: 10 litres
• Cooking: 5 litres
• Drinking: 5 litres.
 Water supply and sanitation

• Definition
• Sanitation
• The World Health Organization defines the term "sanitation" as
follows:
• "Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and
services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. The
word 'sanitation' also refers to the maintenance of hygienic
conditions, through services such as garbage collection and
wastewater disposal."
 Water supply and sanitation

• Definition -Sanitation

sanitation system: collection, transport, treatment, disposal or reuse.

 Water supply and sanitation

• Definition- Sanitation
Includes all four systems of waste managment :
1. Excreta management systems
2. Waste-water management systems (included here are
wastewater treatment plants)
3. Solid waste management
4. Stormwater drainage
 Water supply and sanitation

• Purpose - Sanitation
The overall purposes of sanitation are to provide
a healthy living environment for everyone, to
protect the natural resources (such as
surface water, groundwater, soil), and to
provide safety, security and dignity for people
when they defecate or urinate.
Water!!!
Better access to water is helping create new possibilities for people in some of the
world’s most remote communities. Goal 6 of the UN’s Sustainable Development
Goals is ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and for all.
 Water
• Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for socio-
economic development, energy and food production, healthy
ecosystems and for human survival itself.
• Water is also at the heart of adaptation to climate change, serving as the
crucial link between society and the environment.
• Water is also a rights issue. As the global population grows, there is an
increasing need to balance all of the competing commercial demands on
water resources, so that communities have enough for their needs. In
particular, women and girls must have access to clean, private sanitation
facilities to manage menstruation and maternity in dignity and safety.
• At the human level, water cannot be seen in isolation from sanitation.
Together, they are vital for reducing the global burden of disease and
improving the health, education and economic productivity of
populations.
 Water-related challenges
• 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services.
(WHO/UNICEF 2019)
• Over half of the global population or 4.2 billion people lack safely
managed sanitation services. (WHO/UNICEF 2019)
• 297,000 children under five die every year from diarrhoeal diseases due
to poor sanitation, poor hygiene, or unsafe drinking water.
(WHO/UNICEF 2019)
• 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. (UN
2019)
• 90 per cent of natural disasters are weather-related, including floods
and droughts. (UNISDR)
• 80 per cent of wastewater flows back into the ecosystem without being
treated or reused. (UNESCO, 2017)
• Around two-thirds of the world’s transboundary rivers do not have a
cooperative management framework. (SIWI)
• Agriculture accounts for 70 per cent of global water withdrawal. (FAO )
 The right to water

• One of the most important recent milestones has been the

recognition in July 2010 by the United Nations General
Assembly of the human right to water and sanitation.
• The Assembly recognized the right of every human being to
have access to enough water for personal and domestic
uses, meaning between 50 and 100 litres of water per
person per day.
• The water must be safe, acceptable and affordable. The
water costs should not exceed 3 per cent of household
income. Moreover, the water source has to be within 1,000
metres of the home and collection time should not exceed
30 minutes.
 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

• Contaminated water and a lack of basic sanitation are

undermining efforts to end extreme poverty and disease in
the world’s poorest countries.
• In 2017, 2 billion people worldwide did not have access to
basic sanitation facilities such as toilets or latrines. 673 million
people still practised open defecation.
• According to the
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply a
nd Sanitation
, at least 1.2 billion people worldwide are estimated to drink
water that is not protected against contamination from faeces.
Even more drink water, which is delivered through a system
without adequate protection against sanitary hazards.
 Unclean water and child mortality

• Unclean water and poor sanitation are a

leading cause of child mortality.
• Childhood diarrhoea is closely associated with
insufficient water supply, inadequate sanitation,
water contaminated with communicable
disease agents, and poor hygiene practices.
• Diarrhoea is estimated to cause 1.5 million child
deaths per year, mostly among children under
five living in developing countries.
 Improved sanitation and economic benefits

• The links between lack of water and sanitation access

and the development goals are clear, and the solutions
to the problem are known and cost-effective.
• A 2012 WHO study shows that every US $1 invested in
improved sanitation translates into an average global
economic return of US $5.5. Those benefits are
experienced specifically by poor children and in the
disadvantaged communities that need them most.
 Celebrating water resources

• Every year, there are two UN international observances

on water and sanitation: World Water Day, 22 March
and World Toilet Day, 19 November.
• Each day is marked by a public campaign which is about
raising awareness of the issues, focusing attention on a
particular theme, and inspiring action.
• The
International Decade for Action, ‘Water for Sustainable
Development,
’ started on World Water Day, 22 March 2018, and will
end on World Water Day, 22 March 2028.
 Water supply and sanitation in India

• The water supply and sanitation in India has increased greatly from 1980 to
present. Still, many people lack access to clean water, toilets, and sewage
infrastructure.
• Various government programs at national, state, and community level have
brought rapid improvements in sanitation and the drinking water supply.
Some of these programs are ongoing.
• In 1980 rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1% and it reached 95% in
2018.[
• The share of Indians with access to improved sources of water has increased
significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.
• At the same time, local government institutions mandated to provide
drinking water and sanitation services are seen as weak and lack the
financial resources to carry out their functions. In addition, only two Indian
cities have continuous water supply and according to an estimate from 2018
about 8% of Indians still lack access to improved sanitation facilities.
 Water supply and sanitation
History
• The history of water supply and sanitation is one of
a logistical challenge to provide clean water and sanitation systems
since the dawn of civilization.
• Where water resources, infrastructure or sanitation systems were
insufficient, diseases spread and people fell sick or died prematurely.
• Major human settlements could initially develop only where fresh
surface water was plentiful, such as near rivers or natural springs.
• Throughout history, people have devised systems to make getting
water into their communities and households and disposing of (and
later also treating) wastewater more convenient.
 Water supply and sanitation
History
• The historical focus of sewage treatment was on the
conveyance of raw sewage to a natural body of water, e.g.
a river or ocean, where it would be diluted and
dissipated. Early human habitations were often built next
to water sources. Rivers would often serve as a crude
form of natural sewage disposal.
• Over the millennia, technology has dramatically increased
the distances across which water can be relocated.
Furthermore, treatment processes to purify drinking
water and to treat wastewater have been improved.
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Indus valley civilisation .
• The earliest evidence of urban sanitation was seen
in Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and the recently
discovered Rakhigarhi of Indus Valley civilization.
• This urban plan included the world's first urban sanitation systems.
Within the city, individual homes or groups of homes obtained water
from wells. From a room that appears to have been set aside for
bathing, waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the
major streets.
• Devices such as shadoofs were used to lift water to ground level.
Ruins from the Indus Valley Civilization like Mohenjo-daro in Pakistan
and Dholavira in Gujarat in India had settlements with some of the
ancient world's most sophisticated sewage systems.[ They included
drainage channels, rainwater harvesting, and street ducts.
 Water supply and sanitation
• In Lothal -all houses had their own private toilet which was connected to a
covered sewer network constructed of brickwork held together with a
gypsum-based mortar that emptied either into the surrounding water
bodies or alternatively into cesspits, the latter of which were regularly
emptied and cleaned.
• The urban areas of the Indus Valley civilization included public and private
baths.
• Sewage was disposed through underground drains built with precisely laid
bricks, and a sophisticated water management system with numerous
reservoirs was established.
• In the drainage systems, drains from houses were connected to wider
public drains. Many of the buildings at Mohenjo-daro had two or more
stories. Water from the roof and upper storey bathrooms was carried
through enclosed terracotta pipes or open chutes that emptied out onto the
street drains
 Water supply and sanitation.
History
Indus valley civilisation
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Mesopotamian civilisation .

•The Mesopotamians introduced the

world to clay sewer pipes around
4000 BCE, with the earliest examples
found in the Temple of Bel
at Nippur and at Eshnunna, utilised to
remove wastewater from sites, and
capture rainwater, in wells.
•The city of Uruk also demonstrates
the first examples of brick
constructed Latrines, from 3200 BCE.
•
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Mesopotamian civilisation .
Two Rivers for Water Supplies
The name "Mesopotamia" denotes an area in the middle of two rivers,
and that was true of the region. Mesopotamia was situated
conveniently between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers -- also known as
the twin rivers

Canals as Water Sources

Canals in Mesopotamia were also common sources of water. Canals,
along with the two rivers, were actually were predominant water
supplies in Mesopotamia for a lengthy period of time, all the way into
the first millennium B.C.

Water Retrieved From Wells

Numerous palaces in Mesopotamia received their water not from rivers or
canals, but instead from wells of considerable depth. This was particularly
prevalent in Assyria, a kingdom in the northern region of Mesopotamia.
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Egyptian civilisation .

Ancient Egyptians simply dumped their waste in canals or

in open fields. As water is an important part of any
sanitation process, the Ancient Egyptians used the water
and force of the Nile River to flush out the irrigation
systems.
The c.2400 BCE, Pyramid of Sahure, and adjoining temple
complex at Abusir, was discovered to have a network of
copper drainage pipes.
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Egyptian civilisation .

•Water supply was predominantly depended on river Nile

• When the city was far from a water source, the state did
not set up complex installations such as pipe networks or
wells to bring water, but preferred a simpler system using
the manpower available.
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Roman civilisation .
•The Roman Empire had indoor plumbing, meaning a system of aqueducts and
pipes that terminated in homes and at public wells and fountains for people to
use.
•Rome used lead pipes; while commonly thought to be the cause of lead
poisoning in the Roman Empire,
• the combination of running water which did not stay in contact with the pipe
for long and the deposition of precipitation scale actually mitigated the risk
from lead pipes
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Roman civilisation
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Roman civilisation .
• Beginning in the Roman era a water wheel device known as a noria supplied water to aqueducts and
other water distribution systems in major cities in Europe and the Middle East.
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Roman civilisation .
In ancient Rome, the Cloaca Maxima, considered a marvel of engineering, discharged
into the Tiber. Public latrines were built over the Cloaca Maxima.
 Water supply and sanitation
• History Roman civilisation .
•The Cloaca Maxima was one of the world's earliest sewage systems.
• Built during either the Roman Kingdom or early Roman Republic, it was
constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain local marshes and remove
waste from the city.
• It carried effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the city.
 Importance of water supply and sanitation
• safe water supply is the backbone of a healthy economy, yet is woefully under prioritized, globally.

• It is estimated that waterborne diseases have an economic burden of approximately USD 600 million a

year in India. This is especially true for drought- and flood-prone areas, which affected a third of the

nation in the past couple of years..

• Less than 50 per cent of the population in India has access to safely managed drinking water. Chemical

contamination of water, mainly through fluoride and arsenic, is present in 1.96 million dwellings.

• Excess fluoride in India may be affecting tens of millions of people across 19 states, while equally

worryingly, excess arsenic may affect up to 15 million people in West Bengal, according to the World

Health Organization
Importance of water supply and sanitation
• Moreover, two-thirds of India’s 718 districts are
affected by extreme water depletion, and the current
lack of planning for water safety and security is a major
concern.
• One of the challenges is the fast rate of groundwater
depletion in India, which is known as the world’s
highest user of this source due to the proliferation of
drilling over the past few decades.
• Groundwater from over 30 million access points
supplies 85 per cent of drinking water in rural areas
and 48 per cent of water requirements in urban areas
Importance of water supply and sanitation
• When families do not have a safe and reliable water source,
preferably direct to their home, then it is often women and
children that are responsible for collecting water.
• School attendance in India decreases when children are
required to spend hours collecting water.
• A 22 per cent increase in school drop out rates has been
reported in drought-affected states.
• Close to 54 per cent of rural women – as well as some
adolescent girls - spend an estimated 35 minutes getting water
every day, equivalent to the loss of 27 days’ wages over a year.
• (Source: Analysis of the situation of children, adolescents and
Women in India 2016)
Importance of water supply and sanitation
• In 2015, India achieved 93 per cent coverage of
access to improved water supply in rural areas.
However, with the shift from the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) the new baseline
estimates that less than 49 per cent of the rural
population is using safely managed drinking
water (improved water supply located on-
premises, available when needed and free of
contamination).
 Importance of water supply and sanitation

• Some facts
about toilets
Importance of water supply and sanitation
• around 60% of the world – 4.5 billion people – don’t have a toilet that safely manages
human waste at home. Here’s why it matters:
• Without toilets, deadly diseases spread rapidly. Over 750 children under five die every
day from diarrhoea caused by unsafe water, sanitation, and poor hygiene.
• Globally, 1 in 3 schools do not have adequate toilets, and 23% of schools have no
toilets at all.
• Schools without toilets can cause girls to miss out on their education. Without proper
sanitation facilities, many are forced to miss school when they’re on their period.
• Toilets are a great investment. Every dollar spent on sanitation has a return of
US$5.50, according to WHO research.
• But still, 892 million people worldwide practise open defecation, meaning they go
outside – on the side of the road, in bushes or rubbish heaps.
• It’s often a matter of where they live: 90% of people who practice open defecation live
in rural areas.
• It’s time to make a stink! In order to get everyone in the world using toilets, we need
to triple our current efforts. That doesn’t just mean more toilets, but creating the
desire for people to use them.
Water supply and sanitation and deseases
• Water-borne diseases are the ones caused by pathogenic microbes spread via
contaminated water.
• Transmission of these pathogens occurs while using infected water for drinking,
food preparation, and washing clothes, among others. Many developing countries
do not have proper water treatment plants, especially in the rural areas. In some
places, the availability of water is so scarce that people have neither the time nor
the money to afford the water purifiers or other water treatment mechanisms.
• Majority of water-borne diseases worldwide mainly affect children due to poor
hygiene and weak immunity. Most of these diseases are life-threatening. The
knowledge of the different types of water-borne diseases has come to the forefront
with the advent of globalization over the past few decades. Several pathogenic
microorganisms which were previously unknown, have become the focus of major
research in this field.
• About 844 million people lack even a basic drinking-water service. In fact,
approximately 159 million individuals are dependent on surface water, the World
Health Organization (WHO) reports.
• Additionally, at least 2 billion people utilize a drinking water source that is
contaminated with feces. These water sources can transmit water-borne diseases,
 Water-Borne Diseases and their Impact

• The pathogenic microorganisms, their toxic

exudates, and other contaminants together,
cause serious conditions such as cholera,
diarrhea, typhoid, amebiasis, hepatitis,
gastroenteritis, giardiasis, campylobacteriosis,
scabies, and worm infections, to name a few.
Water-Borne Diseases and their Impact
• Diarrhea
• The most common of all water-borne diseases, diarrhea, mainly
affects children below five years of age.
• The symptoms include dizziness, dehydration, pale skin, and loss of
consciousness in severe cases. It usually lasts for a couple of weeks
and can turn out to be fatal if it goes untreated.
• Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children
under five years old. It is both preventable and treatable.
• Each year diarrhoea kills around 525 000 children under five.
• A significant proportion of diarrhoeal disease can be prevented
through safe drinking-water and adequate sanitation and hygiene.
• Globally, there are nearly 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhoeal
disease every year.
• Diarrhoea is a leading cause of malnutrition in children under five
 Typhoid Fever
Although rare in industrialized countries, typhoid fever is
well-known in extremely poor parts of developing nations
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria
transmitted via contaminated water
it’s estimated that up to 20 million people worldwide suffer
from the illness each year.
It’s spread through contaminated food, unsafe water, and
poor sanitation, and it is highly contagious. Symptoms
include:
● A fever that increases gradually
● Muscle aches
● Fatigue
● Sweating
● Diarrhea or constipation
Prevention and Treatment Vaccines are recommended for
people who are traveling in areas where poor sanitation and
unsafe water are common. The vaccine can be injected via a
shot or taken orally for a number of days. To prevent it,
refrain from drinking any water that isn’t bottled and sealed,
and do not eat food from villages or street vendors. Typhoid
is treated with antibiotics
 Cholera

• It is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae via

consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. The symptoms
include diarrhea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal cramps. Cholera
occurs predominantly in children, but can also affect adults. It
possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-
borne diseases.
• People with a suppressed immunity, like those who are malnourished
or infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), are at a
heightened risk of death if they’re infected with the bacteria
• Prevention and Treatment Cholera is a waterborne illness that’s
easily prevented when traveling. Wash your hands often, only eat
foods that are completely cooked and hot (no sushi), and only eat
vegetables you can peel yourself, like avocados, bananas, and
oranges. Of course, drink safe water.
 Giardia
• Giardia This waterborne disease is shared through contaminated water, most often in ponds
and streams, but it can also be found in a town’s water supply, swimming pools, and more.
The infection is caused by a parasite and typically clears up after a few weeks.
• However, it’s possible for those who have been exposed will experience intestinal problems
for years to come. Symptoms include: ● Abdominal pain ● Cramps and bloating
● Diarrhea
● Nausea
● Weight loss Prevention and Treatment While there is no vaccine for giardia,
There are simple ways to avoid the infection.
• Wash your hands with soap often, don’t swallow water while swimming, and drink only
bottled water.
• With time, the immune system will typically beat giardia on its own. But, if symptoms
worsen, doctors prescribe anti-parasite and antibiotic medications.
• Water-poor communities cannot protect themselves from illnesses like giardia, and
treatment for this illness can come at a high cost for a family living in poverty.
• For these reasons, Lifewater’s programs focus on long-term prevention. This includes
constructing safe water sources and teaching health practices, one house at a time, until the
entire community has the resources and the knowledge to prevent waterborne illness.
 Dysentery
• An intestinal infection, dysentery is a waterborne disease characterized by severe
diarrhea as well as blood or mucus in the stool.
• Dysentery is good reason to always wash your hands, as the disease is spread mainly
through poor hygiene. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites in unsafe
food and water and by people coming in contact with fecal matter.
• If someone experiencing dysentery cannot replace fluids quickly enough, their life
could be at risk.
• Symptoms include:
• ● Stomach cramps and pain ● Diarrhea ● Fever ● Nausea ● Vomiting ● Dehydration
Prevention and Treatment To prevent dysentery, wash your hands with soap
frequently, order all drinks without ice, don’t eat food sold by street vendors, and only
eat fruits you can peel. Drink only sealed, bottled water while traveling in places with
higher dysentery risk, such as communities where proper hygiene practices are
uncommon. Mild dysentery usually clears up with rest and fluids, but over-the-counter
medications such as Pepto-Bismol can help with stomach cramping. More severe cases
can be treated with antibiotics, although some strains of the disease are resistant.
 Escherichia Coli (E. coli) E.
• coli is a bacteria with various strains, some dangerous and some beneficial.
• For example, E. coli bacteria is important in creating a healthy intestinal tract. However, if
animal waste has found its way into farmland where produce is grown or if strains of E.
coli are spread through the process of making ground beef, those who consume these
foods could experience symptoms of the waterborne illness.
• The bacteria is also found in unsafe water sources around the globe where human water
sources and cattle coexist.
• Symptoms of dangerous strains of E. coli are similar to that of dysentery and other
waterborne diseases. Most bouts of E. coli pass within a week, but older people and
young children have a greater chance of developing life-threatening symptoms.
• Anyone believed to have been exposed to contaminated food or water should contact a
doctor if diarrhea contains blood.
• Prevention and Treatment As always, avoid water possibly contaminated by human
and/or animal feces (like ponds, rivers, and swamps).
• If you are going to eat ground beef, cook thoroughly. Wash fruits and vegetables well,
wash hands often, and drink only safe water. To treat the disease, drink plenty of safe
water, rest, and take over-the-counter diarrheal medication. While these are simple
prevention and treatment tips, there are many remote communities in Uganda who have
no choice but to drink from swamps.
 Hepatitis A Hepatitis A
• is a liver infection caused by consuming contaminated food and water or by coming in close contact
with someone who has the infection. People who travel in developing countries often or work in rural
communities with poor sanitation and hygiene management are most exposed to the disease.
Symptoms include:
• Fatigue
• Clay-colored bowel movements
• Jaundice
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain, especially near your liver
• Loss of appetite
• Sudden fever The infection usually goes away in a few weeks, but it’s possible that it can become
severe and last several months.
• Prevention and Treatment The best way to prevent hepatitis A is by getting the vaccine. Eat only foods
that are thoroughly cooked and served hot, and avoid eating anything at room temperature. Only eat
fruit that you can peel and that you have peeled yourself. Don’t eat from food vendors and don’t eat
runny eggs or raw/rare meat. For a full list of dos and don’ts, visit the CDC’s page on Hepatitis A here.
Once a person has hepatitis A, they build an immunity and will likely never get it again. However, the
symptoms are serious, often forcing people to take time off work or school to recover. If you have
contracted hepatitis A, rest, avoid drinking alcohol, and drink plenty of fluids. The disease will run its
course, and full recovery is expected after three months.
• Amoebiasis
• It is caused by a parasite named Entamoeba histolytica. The
protozoan organism is transmitted by unknowingly consuming cysts
(an inactive form of the parasite) in food, and it affects the intestine.
The parasite thrives on contaminated soil and fecal matter. The
common symptoms of amoebiasis include abdominal cramps and
watery stools.
• Hepatitis A
• This condition mainly affects the liver and is caused by Hepatitis A
virus. The route of contamination is usually oral, while it also spreads
through physical contact with an infected person. Hepatitis A patients
manifest common symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting, but
can suffer severe complications if they’re not treated in time.
 Different types of sanitation
Conservancy system:
• This is old system in which various types of wastes, such as night soil,
garbage etc are collected separately in a vessels or deposited in a pools
or pits and then removed periodically at least once in 24 hours.
• The conservancy system is highly unhygienic and causes insanitary
condition.
• Transportation of night soil takes place in open carts through street and
other crowded localities, this is highly undesirable.
• The working of the system entirely depend on the mercy of labour if
they go on strike at least one day foul matter start creating smell which
highly unhygienic.
• In present day world, when men has progressed much it is highly
humiliating to ask human being to transport night soil in pails on their
head
Conservancy system:
 Water carriage system:

• In this system, collection and conveyance and disposal of various wastes

re carried out with the help of water.
• Thus water is used as a medium to convey the waste from its point of
production to point of final disposal.
• Sufficient quantity of water is required to be mixed with waste so that
dilution ratio is so great that the mixture may flow just like water.
• This system is very hygienic as night soil and other waste carried out
through closed conduit which is not directly exposed to atmosphere.
• There is no chance of outbreak of epidemic because files & other insect
do not have direct access to the sewage.
• The labour required for the operation and maintenance is extremely
small.
• Initial cost of installation of this system is very high, the running cost are
very small
Water carriage system
Water carriage system
Water carriage system
 Sewer system
• Sewerage is the infrastructure that conveys sewage
or surface runoff (storm water, meltwater, rainwater)
using sewers.
• It encompasses components such as
receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm
overflows, and screening chambers of the combined
sewer or sanitary sewer.
• Sewerage ends at the entry to a sewage treatment
plant or at the point of discharge into the environment. It
is the system of pipes, chambers, manholes, etc. that
conveys the sewage or storm water.
 Sewer system
• Types of sanitary sewer systems that all
usually are gravity sewers include:
• Combined sewer
• Simplified sewerage(separate system)
• Partially combined System
 Sanitary sewers not relying solely on gravity include:

• Vacuum sewer
• A vacuum
sewer or pneumatic sewer syste
m is a method of
transporting sewage from its
source to a sewage treatment
plant. It maintains a partial
vacuum, with an air
pressure below atmospheric
pressure inside the pipe
network and vacuum station
collection vessel.
 Sanitary sewers not relying solely on gravity include:

• Effluent sewer: Effluent

sewer systems, also called septic
tank effluent drainage (STED)
or solids-free sewer (SFS)
systems, have septic tanks that
collect sewage from residences
and businesses, and the effluent
that comes out of the tank is sent
to either a centralized sewage
treatment plant or a distributed
treatment system for further
treatment.
 Define watershed and elaborate various methods of watershed managment

• House Service Connections They connect the house to sewers

in the road.
• Sewers These are pipes or conduits meant for carrying
sewage and are laid along the roads and flow by gravity.
• Lift Stations When sewers are at a deeper depth, lift stations
are used which help to move sewage from lower elevations
below the ground to the required higher elevation.
• •Pump Stations They transfer the sewage from one location to
another.
• Sewage Treatment Plants They treat the sewage to meet the
permitted discharge qualities.
• Safe disposal system of final effluent
Urban & Rural sanitation
 Urban & Rural India
• It is important to mention that India’s 1.4 billion
people live in large number of rural and urban
habitations.
• There were 7935 cities and towns and 6.4 lakh
villages according to 2011 Census.
• About one-third population (31 per cent) lived in
urban areas and three-fourth lived in rural areas.
Rural and urban sanitation should be seen
differently due to diverse conditions prevailing in
the rural and urban areas.
 Urban & Rural India
• Going by the census definition, a habitation is
declared urban (excluding a municipality,
corporation, cantonment board and a notified town
area committee)
• if it has a minimum population of 5,000; at least 75
per cent of the male working population is engaged
in non-agricultural pursuits; and the population
density is at least 400 people per sq km.
• Such habitations are also called the Census Towns.
 Urban & Rural India
• For the first time in history, the Census 2011 reported a
decline in the population growth rate of rural India.
• However, at that time India was still predominantly
rural, with the urban population being just 30 per cent.
Between Census 2001 and Census 2011, the number of
Census Towns increased from 1,362 to 3,894.
• This indicates that people in rural areas are quitting
farming or joining non-farm livelihoods.
• Millions of farmers have quit agriculture and,
worryingly, very few from the current generation are
entering the sector
 Rural Sanitation
• Census of India collected data on access to
water and sanitation shows that only 31 per
cent rural households were having any toilet
facility in their households.
• The increase in toilet facility during last ten
years from 2001 to 2011 was at the rate of just
one per cent every year
 Rural Sanitation
• Thus, progress in the provision of toilet facility in
rural areas is very slow and open defecation is a
serious problem.
• Similarly the proportion of households with tap
water and drainage facilities also remains at the
one-third level.
• It is worthwhile to mention that due to lack of
drainage facility the low lying areas of many
villages and towns often get flooded during
monsoon season.
 Rural Sanitation
• The Government of India (GoI) has launched multiple sanitation
policies across rural India.
• The Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) in 1986 was
formulated with the objective of providing for 80 percent subsidy for
construction of individual sanitary latrines for BPL households on
demand basis. The CRSP was restructured in 1999, with a shift from a
high subsidy to a low subsidy model
• The Ministry of Rural Development launched the TSC(Total sanitation
campaign ) in 1999 as a demand driven community-led programme.
• The programme costs in TSC were shared between Union (60 percent
share), state governments (20 percent share) and the beneficiary (20
percent share).
• The Planning Commission (2013) is of the view that the increase in
coverage of toilet facility from about 22 per cent as per the 2001
Census to 31 per cent in 2011 is largely due to the TSC
 Rural Sanitation
• In order to boost sanitation programme the
Government has introduced the Nirmal Gram
Puraskar (NGP) in 2005 for those Gram
Panchayats, blocks and districts that have
attained 100 per cent sanitation coverage
• The TSC was changed into a new strategy
known as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) in
2012 to facilitate convergence between
drinking water and sanitation projects
Rural Sanitation
Rural Sanitation
 Rural Sanitation
• The EcoSan toilet is a closed system that does not need water, so is an
alternative to leach pit toilets in places where water is scarce or where the
water table is high and the risk of groundwater contamination is increased.
• The toilet is based on the principle of recovery and recycling of nutrients
from excreta to create a valuable resource for agriculture.
• When the pit of an EcoSan toilet fills up it is closed and sealed. After about
eight to nine months, the faeces are completely composted to organic
manure and can be used on farms. When the first pit is closed, users can
switch to using the second pit.
• After a successful demonstration in one village, acceptance of the
technology has increased and communities have asked for EcoSan toilets to
be built in five other panchayats of Korba. The fact that people in these
communities have contributed up to 40% of the cost is further proof of the
acceptance the technology enjoyed.
Rural Sanitation
 Urban Sanitation
• The situation in urban areas is better than
rural areas, but still one-third of the urban
households have no access to piped drinking
water in 2011 and the progress during 2001-
2011 was just 2 percentage points.
• Similarly one-fifth of urban households were
not connected to any drainage facilities and
similar proportions have no access to toilet
facilities in urban areas.
 Urban Sanitation
• Slums add an acute dimension to the
sanitation and unhygienic conditions in urban
areas as one-fifth urbanites live in slums
according to 2011 Census.
• It is not possible to have toilet facility in every
slum household due to space crunch,
therefore public toilets were provided in some
of big cities like Mumbai. Access to water is a
serious problem in maintaining these toilets
Urban Sanitation
 Urban Sanitation
• Policy Perspectives
• As per the Millennium Development Goals,
India is bound to provide improved sanitation
to at least half of its urban population by 2015
and 100 per cent access by 2025. Keeping in
view this, Ministry of Urban Development
formulated National Sanitation Policy in 2008.
 Urban Sanitation
• The National Urban Sanitation Policy advised state
governments to prepare detailed state level urban
sanitation strategies and City Sanitation Plan.
• Environmental considerations, public health
implications and reaching the un-served and urban
poor are main features of the policy.
• Funds could be mobilized either through direct
central and state government supports or through
public-private partnership
 Urban Sanitation
• At the central government level, urban
sanitation is funded under Jawaharlal Nehru
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM-II).
• Also it is evident from census data that most
of the households belonging to SC and ST
categories are deprived of water and
sanitation facilities
 Urban Sanitation
• At the central government level, urban
sanitation is funded under Jawaharlal Nehru
Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM-II).
• Also it is evident from census data that most
of the households belonging to SC and ST
categories are deprived of water and
sanitation facilities
 Urban Sanitation
• Centrally sponsored schemes such as
JNNURM, Urban Infrastructure Development
Scheme for Small and Medium Towns
(UIDSSMT), Rajiv Awas Yojna, etc. provide
funds for creation of sanitation assets like
individual toilets, community toilet blocks and
wastewater disposal and treatment facilities at
the city level.
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan initiated by the government on
the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi is a noble initiative
• Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan,
or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated
by the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open
defecation and improve solid waste management.
• It is a restructured version of the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan
launched in 2009 that failed to achieve its intended
targets.[2][3] Phase 1 of the Swachh Bharat mission lasted
till October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between
2020–21 and 2024-25.
 Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
• The mission was split into two: rural and
urban. In rural areas "SBM - Gramin" was
financed and monitored through the Ministry
of Drinking Water and Sanitation; whereas
"SBM - urban" was overseen by the Ministry
of Housing and Urban Affairs.
• The government provided subsidy for
construction of nearly 110 million toilets
between 2014 and 2019
Urban Sanitation
 Urban Sanitation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=fSuLK8JLPkE
 Caste & sanitation
• In a caste based society, a large proportion of
the burden of sanitation work falls on the
shoulders of the scheduled castes.
• In 2013, the central government has banned
the manual scavenging and those who will
employ a manual scavenger will be punished
with an imprisonment up to five years
Caste & sanitation
Caste & sanitation
 Caste & sanitation
• The number of people killed while cleaning sewers and
septic tanks has increased over the last few years.
• 2019 saw the highest number of manual scavenging
deaths in the past five years. 110 workers were killed
while cleaning sewers and septic tanks.
• This is a 61% increase as compared to 2018, which saw 68
cases of such similar deaths.
• In 2013, the Prohibition of Employment as Manual
Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act put an end to the
practice of any form of manual cleaning, carrying,
disposing or handling of human waste
 Society & sanitation
• Like our social spaces, physical spaces are also utilized based
on the principles of purity and pollution.
• For example, in many houses sanctum sanctorum (Puja Griha)
is treated the purest and kept clean without fail followed by
cleanliness of the kitchen and the rest of the house.
• However, no such sanctity is attached to the surroundings
outside the house.
• The exterior space lying outside the household is little cared
rather used unhesitatingly for throwing all sorts of household
wastes turning them into a perpetual polluted space
South Asia Conference on Sanitation
 Assignment 2 .

Urban sanitation Rural sanitation

Definition – status in India

Load on system

Types of waste
management system

Government schemes
related to the topic
 CPHEEO

• The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

(CPHEEO) is Technical Wing of the Ministry of Urban Development,
Government of India, and deals with the matters related to Urban Water
Supply and Sanitation Including Solid Waste Management in the Country.
• The CPHEEO was constituted under the erstwhile Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) in 1953 as per the
recommendations of the Environmental Hygiene Committee to deal
with Water Supply and Sanitation in the Country. In 1973-74, the CPHEEO was
affiliated to the Ministry of Urban Development (erstwhile Ministry of Works
& Housing).Since then, it is functioning as the technical wing of the Ministry.
• As per the Constitution of India, “Water, that is to say, water supplies" falls
within the legislative jurisdiction of the State Governments vide item 17 of the
List II-State List under Seventh Schedule referred to in the Article 246(3) of the
Constitution and States are vested with the constitutional right to plan,
implement, operate and maintain water supply projects
 CPHEEO
• Though water supply and sanitation is a State subject, the policies,
strategies and guidelines are being provided by CPHEEO to the
States & UTs Governments including Municipal Corporations /
Committees.
• The CPHEEO plays a vital role in processing the schemes posed for
external funding agencies including World Bank / JBIC/ ADB/ and
Bilateral and Multilateral funding agencies and institutional
financing such as LIC.
• It acts as an Advisory body at Central level to advise the
concerned State agencies and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in
implementation, operation & maintenance of urban water supply,
sanitation and Solid Waste Management projects and helps to
adopt latest technologies in these sub sectors.
 City Sanitation Plans (CSP)
• City Sanitation Plans are strategic planning
processes for citywide sanitation sector
development.
• Addressing technical and non-technical
aspects of sanitation services, city sanitation
plans include the vision, missions, and goals of
sanitation development as well as strategies
to meet these goals.
Why Citywide Strategic Sanitation Planning?

• Although each city is different, city sanitation services should

be developed based on a common set of principles.
• Services must be comprehensive and continuously accessible
to all residents.
• The entire city should have sanitation services suited to its
needs, allowing all residents to enjoy the benefits of improved
sanitation.
• To meet the total sanitation principles, a city needs a strategic
approach.
• Following are some generic approaches that a city can use as
the basis for developing more strategic approaches to
sanitation development:
Final plan
 Sanitation Flow Diagram

Sanitation Flow Diagram, or SFD, is a tool which shows

how excreta move along multiple pathways from
containment to disposal or end-use.
Waste water value chain