Body
fluids
and
Circulation
What is Blood is the most commonly
used body fluid by most higher
organisms including humans.
Blood is a special connective
tissue consisting of a fluid matrix
, plasma and formed elements
Blood
What is
Plasma?
It’s a straw-colored viscous fluid . 90 – 92 per cent is water
and proteins contribute 6-8 percent. Fibrinogen, albumin
and globulin are the major proteins:
• Fibrinogen are needed for clotting ( coagulation) of
blood.
• Globulins are primarily involved in defense mechanism
of the body
• Albumins help with osmotic balance.
Erythrocytes,(RBC),
leucocytes(WBC) and
thrombocytes(platelets) are
collectively known as formed
elements. And constitute
nearly 45 per cent of the blood:
Red Blood Cell
RBC is formed at the bone marrow.
Devoid of nucleus and is biconcave They play a huge role in the
Erythrocytes are the most in shape. They have a red-coloured transportation in oxygen and after
their life span is over (120 days)
abundant out of all of cells iron containing protein
they get destroyed in the spleen
in blood. (hemoglobin).
( graveyard of RBC)
White Blood Cell
Leucocytes , also known as WBC ,
they are colourless due to lack of
hemoglobin. They are nucleated and
less in number and are generally
short lived and have 2 main
categories
Platelets
Thrombocytes- are cell fragments produced from
megakaryocytes. Platelets can release a variety of substances
that are involved in the coagulation or clotting of the blood.
A reduction in this number can lead to various clotting
disorders.
Eosinophil
2 to 3 per cent is present in the blood.
It resists infections and are also associated with allergic
reactions
Basophil
Have the least number of (0.5 to 1 percent) of the wbc
present in the blood
They secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin and are involved
in inflammatory reaction
Neutrophil
Most abundant cell ( 60 to 65 percent) of the total WBC
present in blood .
Phagocytotic in nature
Monocyte
Phagocytotic in nature
Destroys foreign organisms entering the body
T-Lymphocyte
Provides cell mediated immunity
B-Lymphocyte
Provides humoral immunity
Blood group
As blood of human beings differ . Grouping of blood Is
done . Two such groupings are ABO and Rh are widely used
all over the world
1. ABO grouping
• This is based on the presence and absence of 2 surface
antigens ( chemicals that induce immune responses) on
the RBC’s namely A and B .
• Similarly the plasma contains 2 natural
antibodies( proteins produced in response of the
antigens) .
• The blood of donor has to be carefully matched with the
blood of a recipient before any blood transfusion to avoid
severe problems of clumping (destruction of RBC )
Blood group
As blood of human beings differ . Grouping of blood Is
done . Two such groupings are ABO and Rh are widely used
all over the world
1. ABO grouping
• This is based on the presence and absence of 2 surface
antigens ( chemicals that induce immune responses) on
the RBC’s namely A and B .
• Similarly the plasma contains 2 natural
antibodies( proteins produced in response of the
antigens) .
• The blood of donor has to be carefully matched with the
blood of a recipient before any blood transfusion to avoid
severe problems of clumping (destruction of RBC )
Blood group
2. Rh grouping
• Another antigen called Rh is also observed to be found on
the surface of RBC. Such individuals are called rh
positive and rh negative
• If a rh neg person comes in contact with a rh pos blood, it
will prepare specific antibodies against the rh antigen.
Blood group
• A special case is when a rh neg blood o f a pregnant
mother with rh pos blood of the feotus . Their bloods stay
speerated due to placenta. However during the delivery of
the first baby there is a chance of exposture of the feotal
bloo to the mothers [Link] subsquesnt pregnancy these
rh antibodies could leak into feotus and destroy the feoatal
rbcs
• This condition is called erythroblastosis feotalis
Thank
You
