Introduction to
Artificial
Intelligence
(AI)
CLASS - 10
What is Intelligence?
We are surrounded by smart
devices and gadgets like
smartphones, smartwatches,
smart TV, etc. But what makes
them smart?
Today’s phones can do much more
• They can help us in navigating.
• Recommend which songs we should listen.
• Which movies we should watch according to our own
likes and dislikes.
• Help us connect with like-minded people.
• Make our selfies fun with face filters
• Help us maintain a record of our health and fitness and
a lot more.
These drastic technological advancements lead us to recognize one key concept:
the concept of Artificial Intelligence.
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial is something which is man-made, which does not occur naturally.
But
• What about Intelligence, how do we define that?
• Humans are said to be an intelligent species, so what is it that makes us
intelligent?
According to researchers, intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer
information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive
behaviours within an environment or context.’
Abilities: Involved in intelligence
Abilities:
Involved
in
intelligence
What is Intelligence?
Ability to interact with the real world.
o To perceive, understand and act
• Example: Speech Recognition – Understanding and synthesis
• Example: Image Recognition
• Example: Ability to take action: to have an effect
Reasoning and planning
o Modelling the external world, given input
• Solving new problems, planning and making decisions
• Ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
Learning and adaptation
o Continuous learning and adapting
• Our internal models are always being updated
• Example: Baby learning to categorize and recognise animals
How do you make decisions?
• The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information
and how we experience and understand it.
• Information includes our past experience, intuition, knowledge, and self-
awareness.
• We can’t make “good” decisions without information because then we have
to deal with unknown factors and face uncertainty, which leads us to make
wild guesses, flipping coins, or rolling a dice.
• Having knowledge, experience, or insights given a certain situation, helps us
visualize what the outcomes could be. and how we can achieve/avoid those
outcomes.
Make Your Choices!
Scenario 1: You are locked inside a room with 3 doors to move out of the locked
room and you need to find a safe door to get your way out. Behind the 1st door is a
lake with a deadly shark. The 2nd door has a mad psychopath ready to kill with a
weapon and the third one has a lion that has not eaten since the last 2 months.
Which door would you
choose? and Why?
Make Your Choices!
Scenario 2: Aarti invited four of her friends to her House.. They hadn't seen
each other in a long time, so they chatted all night long and had a good time. In
the morning, two of the friends Aarti had invited, died. The police arrived at the
house and found that both the friends were poisoned and that the poison was in
the strawberry pie. The three surviving friends told the police that they hadn't
eaten the pie. The police asked," Why didn’t you eat the pie ?". Shiv said, " I
am allergic to strawberries.". Seema said, " I am on a diet." And Aarti said, "I
ate too many strawberries while cooking the pie, I just didn't want anymore.“
The policemen looked at the pictures of the party and immediately identified
the murderer.
Look at the picture and identify who is the murderer? Also state why do
you think this is the murderer?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make
decisions, predict the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have
artificial intelligence.
Or
A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself -
collect data, understand it, analyse it, learn from it, and improve it.
What is AI?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by
machines, as opposed to the natural intelligence
displayed by humans or animals.
Or
AI refers to the ability of machines to perform cognitive
tasks like thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving
and decision making.
Or
Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer
or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks
commonly associated with intelligent beings.
Or
The capacity given by humans to machines to memorize
and learn from experience, to think and create, to speak,
13
to judge and make decisions.
Some AI definitions…
Some AI definitions…
How do machines become
Artificially Intelligent?
machines also become intelligent once they
are trained with some information which
helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines
also keep updating their knowledge to
optimise their output.
16
Applications of Artificial Intelligence
What is not AI?
A fully automatic washing machine can work on its own, but it
requires human intervention to select the parameters of washing and to
do the necessary preparation for it to function correctly before each
wash, which makes it an example of automation, not AI.
An air conditioner can be turned on and off remotely
with the help of internet but still needs a human touch.
This is an example of Internet of Things (IoT). Also,
every now and then we get to know about robots
which might follow a path or maybe can avoid
obstacles but need to be primed accordingly each
time.
What is not AI?
We also get to see a lot of projects which can
automate our surroundings with the help of
sensors. Here too, since the bot or the
automation machine is not trained with any
data, it does not count as AI.
What is not AI?
it would be valid to say that not all the devices which are termed as "smart" are
AI-enabled.
For example, a TV does not become AI-enabled if it is a smart one, it gets the
power of AI when it is able to think and process on its own.
What is not AI?
Robotics and AI can definitely open the doors to humanoids and self-driving
cars, AI when merged with Internet of things can give rise to cloud computing
of data and remote access of AI tools, automation along with AI can help in
achieving voice automated homes and so on. Such integrations can help us get
the best of both worlds!
K.W.L.H.
Now, according to your knowledge
of AI, start filling the KWLH chart:
• What do you know about Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
• What do you want to know about AI?
• What have you learnt about AI?
• How have you learnt this about AI?
Basics of AI
Let’s Get Started
AI and related terminologies
• AI is a form of Intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study.
• AI theory and development of computer systems (both machines and
software) enables machines to perform tasks that normally require human
intelligence.
• Its core idea is building machines and algorithms
which are capable of performing computational
tasks that would otherwise require human like brain
functions.
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Refers to any technique that enables computers to
mimic human intelligence. It gives the ability to machines to recognize a
human’s face; to move and manipulate objects; to understand the voice
commands by humans, and also do other tasks. The AI-enabled machines think
algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for intelligently.
Machine Learning
It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to improve at
tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable
machines to learn by themselves using the provided data and make accurate
Predictions/ Decisions.
Deep Learning
It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In
Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it
in training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to
develop algorithms for themselves. Deep Learning is the most advanced form
of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then comes Machine Learning
which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all the
concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human
intelligence.
There are a lot of applications of AI out of which few are those which come
under ML out of which very few can be labelled as DL. Therefore, Machine
Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) are part of Artificial Intelligence (AI),
but not everything that is Machine learning will be Deep learning.
AI | ML | DL
Image Source: https://www.edureka.co/blog/ai-vs-machine-learning-vs-deep-learning/
AI Domains
Data Science
Computer Vision
Natural Language Processing
Data Science
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in
which the system collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives
meaning/sense out of them. The information extracted through data science
can be used to make a decision about it.
Example of Data Science:
Price Comparison Websites: These websites are being driven by lots and lots
of data. If you have ever used these websites, you would know, the
convenience of comparing the price of a product from multiple vendors at one
place. PriceGrabber, Price Runner, Junglee, Shopzilla, DealTime are some
examples of price comparison websites. Now a days, price comparison website
can be found in almost every domain such as technology, hospitality,
automobiles, durables, apparels etc.
Computer Vision (CV)
• Capability of a machine to get and analyse visual information and afterwards
predict some decisions about it.
• The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing,
identifying and extracting information. This extensive processing helps
computers to understand any visual content and act on it accordingly. In
computer vision, Input to machines can be photographs, videos and pictures
from thermal or infrared sensors, indicators and different sources.
• Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into
descriptions. This data is then turned into computer-readable language to aid
the decision-making process. The main objective of this domain of AI is to
teach machines to collect information from pixels.
Examples of CV:
Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars: CV systems scan live
objects and analyse them, based on whether the car decides
to keep running or to stop.
Face Lock in Smartphones Smartphones nowadays come
with the feature of face locks in which the smartphone’s
owner can set up his/her face as an unlocking mechanism
for it. The front camera detects and captures the face and
saves its features during initiation. Next time onwards,
whenever the features match, the phone is unlocked.
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural
language.
• Natural language refers to language that is spoken and written by people,
and natural language processing (NLP) attempts to extract information from
the spoken and written word using algorithms.
• The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make
sense of the human languages in a manilr that is valuable.
Examples of NLP:
Email filters -
Email filters are one of the most basic and initial
applications of NLP online. It started out with spam
filters, uncovering certain words or phrases that signal a
spam message.
Smart assistants -
Smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa
recognize patterns in speech, then infer meaning and
provide a useful response.
AI Ethics
AI ethics is a set of values, principles, and
techniques that employ widely accepted standards
of right and wrong to guide moral conduct in the
development and use of AI technologies.
Or
AI ethics is a system of moral principles and
techniques intended to inform the development and
responsible use of artificial intelligence technology.
As AI has become integral to products and services,
organizations are starting to develop AI codes of
ethics.
Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars
Let us imagine that we are in year 2030. Self-Driving cars which are just a
concept in today’s time are now on roads. People like us are buying them for ease
and are using it for our daily transits. Of-course because of all the features which
this car has, it is expensive. Now, let us assume, one day your father is going to
office in his self-driving car. He is sitting in the back seat as the car is driving
itself. Suddenly, a small boy comes in front of this car. The incident was so
sudden that the car is only able to make either of the two choices:
1. Go straight and hit the boy who has come in front of the car and injure him
severely.
2. Take a sharp right turn to save the boy and smash the car into a metal pole
thus damaging the car as well as injuring the person sitting in it.
Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars
here the morality of the developer gets transferred into the machine as what
according to him/her is right would have a higher priority and hence would be the
selection made by the machine.
If you were in the place of this developer and if there was no other alternative to
the situation, which one of the two would you prioritise and why?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Moral Issues: Self-Driving Cars
Let us now assume that the car has hit the boy who came in front of it.
Considering this as an accident, who should be held responsible for it? Why?
1. The person who bought this car.
2. The Manufacturing Company.
3. The developer who developed the car’s algorithm.
4. The boy who came in front of the car and got severely injured.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The choices might differ from person to person and one must understand that
nobody is wrong in this case. Every person has a different perspective and hence
he/she takes decisions according to their moralities.
Data Privacy
• Every company whether small or big is mining data from as many sources as
possible. More than 70% of the data collected till now has been collected in
the last 3 years which shows how important data has become in recent times.
It is not wrongly said that Data is the new gold.
• One of the major sources of data for many major companies is the device
which all of us have in our hands all the time: Smartphones. Smartphones
have nowadays become an integral part of our lives.
• Smartphones in today’s era provide us with a lot of facilities and features
which have made our lives easier. Feeling hungry? Order food online. Want to
shop but don’t have time to go out? Go shopping online. From booking tickets
to watching our favourite shows, everything is available in this one small box
loaded with technology.
Data Privacy
• Smartphones nowadays is that they provide us with customised
recommendations and notifications according to our choices. Let us
understand this with the help of some examples:
1. When you are talking to your friend on a mobile network or on an app like
WhatsApp. You tell your friend that you wish to buy new shoes and are
looking for suggestions from him/her. You discuss about shoes and that is it.
After some time, the online shopping websites start giving you notifications
to buy shoes! They start recommending some of their products and urge you
to you buy some.
2. If you search on Google for a trip to Kerala or any other destination, just
after the search, all the apps on your phone which support advertisements,
will start sending messages about packages that you can buy for the trip.
Data Privacy
3. Even when you are not using your phone and talking to a person face-to-
face about a book you’ve read recently while the phone is kept in a locked
mode nearby, the phone will end up giving notifications about similar books
or messages about the same book once you operate it
• Whenever you download an app and install it, it asks you for several
permissions to access your phone’s data in different ways.
• app has the permission to access various sensors which are there in your
smartphone and gather data about you and your surroundings.
• We forget that the smartphone which we use is a box full of sensors
which are powered all the time while the phone is switched on.
Ethics DATA PRIVACY QUESTIONS
1. Were you surprised about the kind of data that is being
collected about you?
2. Are you comfortable with the data these sites have collected
on you? Why or why not?
3. Why do these sites collect this data?
4. Can you think of various types of data that has the potential
to be misused, therefore can be considered classified or
sensitive?
5. Were you surprised about the kind of data that is being
collected about you?
43
AI Bias
A phenomenon that occurs when an AI algorithm produces results that
are systemically prejudiced due to erroneous assumptions in the
machine learning process.
AI bias is an anomaly in the output of machine learning algorithms,
due to the prejudiced assumptions made during the algorithm
development process or prejudices in the training data.
AI Bias
• Everyone has a bias of their own no matter how much one tries to be
unbiased, we in some way or the other have our own biases even towards
smaller things.
• Biases are not negative all the time. Sometimes, it is required to have a bias to
control a situation and keep things working.
• A machine, we know that it is artificial and cannot think on its own.
• We cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its own.
• Any bias can transfer from the developer to the machine while the algorithm
is being developed.
AI Bias examples:
Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a
female voice. It is only now that some
companies have understood this bias
and have started giving options for male
voices but since the virtual assistants
came into practice, female voices are
always preferred for them over any
other voice. Can you think of some
reasons for this?
AI Bias examples:
If you search on Google
for salons, the first few
searches are mostly for
female salons. This is
based on the assumption
that if a person is searching
for a salon, in all
probability it would be a
female. Do you think this
is a bias? If yes, then is it a
Negative bias or Positive
one?
AI Bias examples:
If you search on Google for
formal shirts, the first few
searches are mostly for male
salons. This is based on the
assumption that if a person is
searching for a shirt.
AI Bias examples:
AI Access
• Artificial Intelligence is still a budding technology.
• The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the most of it while
others who cannot are left behind.
• A gap has emerged between these two classes of people and it gets widened
with the rapid advancement of technology.
AI Access example: Unemployement
• Should AI replace laborious jobs? Is there an alternative for major
unemployment?
• Should AI not replace laborious jobs? Will the lives of people improve if they
keep on being unskilled?
As technology is advancing with time, humans need to make sure
that they are a step ahead and understand this technology with its
pros and cons.
AI for Kids
• kids nowadays are smart enough to understand technology from a very early
age.
• As their thinking capabilities increase, they start becoming techno-savvy and
eventually they learn everything more easily than an adult.
• should technology be given to children so young?
Conclusion
Despite AI’s promises to bring forth new opportunities, there are certain
associated risks that need to be mitigated appropriately and effectively. To
give a better perspective, the ecosystem and the socio-technical environment
in which the AI systems are embedded needs to be more trustworthy.
AI Access example:
Consider this: A young boy in class 3 has got some Maths homework to finish. He
is sitting at a table which has the Google chat bot - Alexa on it, and he is struggling
with his homework. Soon, he starts asking Alexa to answer all his questions. Alexa
replies with answers and the boy simply writes them down in his notebook.
While this scenario seems funny, it still has some concerns related to it. On one
hand where it is good that the boy knows how to use technology effectively, on the
other hand he uses it to complete his homework without really learning anything
since he is not applying his brain to solve the Math problems. So, while he is
smart, he might not be getting educated properly.
Is it ethical to let the boy use technology to help in this manner?
