Master Budgeting

CHAPTER 8

Managerial Accounting
Eighteenth edition
 8-2

Learning Objective 1

Understand why
organizations budget and
the processes they use to
create budgets.

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 8-3

The Basic Framework of Budgeting

A budget is a detailed quantitative plan for
acquiring and using financial and other resources
over a specified forthcoming time period.
1. A company’s budget ordinarily cover a one-
year period corresponding to its fiscal year.
2. Some companies also use a perpetual
budget, which is a 12-month budget that
continuously rolls forward.

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 8-4

Choosing the Budget Period

Operating Budget

2023 2024 2025 2026

Operating budgets ordinarily

cover a one-year period A continuous budget is a
corresponding to a company’s fiscal 12-month budget that rolls
year. Many companies divide their forward one month (or quarter)
annual budget as the current month (or quarter)
into four quarters. is completed.

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 8-5

Budgets are Used for Two Key

Purposes:

Planning – Control –
involves developing involves the steps taken by
objectives and preparing management to increase the
various budgets to likelihood that the objectives
achieve those set down while planning are
objectives. attained and that all parts of
the organization are working
together toward that goal.

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 8-6

Why Do Organizations Create Budgets?

(Planning Perspective)

Define goals
and objectives
Communicate Think about and
plans plan for the future

Benefits
Coordinate Means of allocating
activities resources

Uncover potential
bottlenecks

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 8-7

Why Do Organizations Create Budgets?

(Control Perspective)
From a control standpoint, organizations
compare their budgets to actual results
to:
Improve the Evaluate and
efficiency and reward employees
effectiveness of .
operations.

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 8-8

How Do Organizations Create Budgets?

Companies usually create budgets
by relying on some combination of
top-down budgeting and self-
imposed budgeting. A self-imposed
budget or participative budget is a
budget that is prepared with the
full cooperation and participation
of managers at all levels.

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 8-9

Self-Imposed Budgets
T o p M an a ge m e nt

M id d le M id d le
M a na ge m e nt M a na ge m e nt

S u p ervisor S u p ervisor S u p ervisor S u p ervisor

When managers throughout the organization work collaboratively to prepare a
budget they often strive to establish challenging targets that are also highly
achievable. These goals are likely to build a lower-level manager’s confidence
and commitment to the budget
 8-10

Advantages of Self-Imposed
Budgets
1. It shows respect for their opinions when lower-level managers
are involved in the budgeting process.
2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often
more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers.
3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in
setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from
above.
4. It empowers them to take ownership of the budget and to be
accountable for deviations from it.

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 8-11

Self-Imposed Budgets – Management

Review
Self-imposed budgets should be reviewed
by higher levels of management to prevent
“budgetary slack.”
Most companies issue broad guidelines in
terms of overall profits or sales. Lower level
managers are directed to prepare budgets
that meet those targets.

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 8-12

The Master Budget – An Overview – Part 1

Sales budget

Selling and
Ending inventory administrative
Production budget
budget budget

Direct materials Direct labor Manufacturing

budget budget overhead budget

Cash Budget

Budgeted
Budgeted
income
balance sheet
statement

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 8-13

Seeing the Big Picture – Part 1

To help you see the “big picture” keep

in mind that the 10 schedules in the
master budget are designed to answer
the 10 questions shown on the next
screen.

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 8-14

Seeing the Big Picture – Part 2

1. How much sales revenue will we earn?
2. How much cash will we collect from customers?
3. How much raw material will we need to purchase?
4. How much manufacturing costs will we incur?
5. How much cash will we pay to our suppliers and our direct laborers, and how
much cash will we pay for manufacturing overhead resources?
6. What is the total cost that will be transferred from finished goods inventory
to cost of goods sold?
7. How much selling and administrative expense will we incur and how much
cash will we pay related to those expenses?
8. How much money will we borrow from or repay to lenders – including
interest?
9. How much operating income will we earn?
10.What will our balance sheet look like at the end of the budget period?

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 8-15

The Master Budget – An Overview –

Part 2

A master budget is based on various estimates and

assumptions. For example, the sales budget requires
three estimates/assumptions as follows:
1.What are the budgeted unit sales?
2.What is the budgeted selling price per unit?
3.What percentage of accounts receivable will be
collected in the current and subsequent periods.

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 8-16

The Master Budget: An Overview – Part

2
When Microsoft Excel© is used to create a master budget,
these types of assumptions can be depicted in a Budget
Assumptions tab, thereby enabling Excel-based budgets to
answer “what-if” questions.

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 8-17

Learning Objective 2

Prepare a sales budget,

including a schedule of
expected cash collections.

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 8-18

Budgeting Example
 Royal Company is preparing budgets for the
quarter ending June 30th.
 Budgeted sales for the next five months are:
April 20,000 units
May 50,000 units
June 30,000 units
July 25,000 units
August 15,000 units
 The selling price is $10 per unit.

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 8-19

The Sales Budget

The individual months of April, May, and June are
summed to obtain the total budgeted sales in units and
dollars for the quarter ended June 30 th

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 8-20

Expected Cash Collections – Part 1

All sales are on account.

Royal’s collection pattern is:
70% collected in the month of sale,
30% collected in the month following sale,
In April, the March 31st accounts receivable balance
of $30,000 will be collected in full in April.

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 8-21

Expected Cash Collections – Part 2

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 8-22

Expected Cash Collections – Part 3

From the Sales Budget for April.

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 8-23

Expected Cash Collections – Part 4

From the Sales Budget for May.

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 8-24

Quick Check 1

What will be the total cash collections for the

quarter?
a. $700,000
b. $220,000
c. $190,000
d. $940,000

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 8-25

Quick Check 1a

What will be the total cash collections for

the quarter?
a. $700,000
b. $220,000
c. $190,000
d. $940,000

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 8-26

Expected Cash Collections – Part 5

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 8-27

Learning Objective 3

Prepare a production
budget.

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 8-28

The Production Budget – Part 1

Sales
Budget
ed Production
andl et
p Budget
Expected
om
C
Cash
Collections
The production budget must be adequate to
meet budgeted sales and to provide for
the desired ending inventory.
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 8-29

The Production Budget – Part 2

The management at Royal Company wants ending
inventory to be equal to 20% of the following month’s
budgeted sales in units.

On March 31st, 4,000 units were on hand.

Let’s prepare the production budget.

If Royal was a merchandising company it would prepare a

merchandise purchase budget instead of a production budget.

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 8-30

The Production Budget – Part 3

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 8-31

The Production Budget – Part 4

Budgeted May sales 50,000

March 31 Desired ending inventory % 20%
ending inventory. Desired ending inventory 10,000

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 8-32

Quick Check 2

What is the required production for May?

a. 56,000 units
b. 46,000 units
c. 62,000 units
d. 52,000 units

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 8-33

Quick Check 2a

What is the required production for May?

a. 56,000 units
b. 46,000 units
c. 62,000 units
d. 52,000 units

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 8-34

The Production Budget – Part 5

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 8-35

The Production Budget – Part 6

July sales of 25,000 units×20% = 5,000

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 8-36

Learning Objective 4

Prepare a direct materials

budget, including a
schedule of expected cash
disbursements for
purchases of materials.

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 8-37

The Direct Materials Budget – Part 1

At Royal Company, five pounds of material are
required per unit of product.
Management wants materials on hand at the end
of each month equal to 10% of the following
month’s production.
On March 31, 13,000 pounds of material are on
hand. Material cost is $0.40 per pound.

Let’s prepare the direct materials budget.

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 8-38

The Direct Materials Budget – Part 2

From production budget.

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 8-39

The Direct Materials Budget – Part 3

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 8-40

The Direct Materials Budget – Part 4

March 31 inventory.

10% of following month’s Now, why don’t you

production needs. calculate the materials to
be purchased in May.

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 8-41

Quick Check 3

How much materials should be purchased in May?

a. 221,500 pounds
b. 240,000 pounds
c. 230,000 pounds
d. 211,500 pounds

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 8-42

Quick Check 3a

How much materials should be purchased in May?

a. 221,500 pounds
b. 240,000 pounds
c. 230,000 pounds
d. 211,500 pounds

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 8-43

The Direct Materials Budget – Part 5

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 8-44

The Direct Materials Budget – Part 6

Beginning inventory from April.

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 8-45

Expected Cash Disbursement for

Materials – Part 1
Royal pays $0.40 per pound for its materials.
One-half of a month’s purchases is paid for in the
month of purchase; the other half is paid in the
following month.
The March 31 accounts payable balance is $12,000.

Let’s calculate expected cash disbursements.

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 8-46

Expected Cash Disbursement for

Materials – Part 2

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 8-47

Expected Cash Disbursement for

Materials – Part 3

Compute the expected cash

140,000 lbs. × $0.40/lb. = $56,000 disbursements for materials
for the quarter.

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 8-48

Quick Check 4

What are the total cash disbursements for the

quarter?
a. $185,000
b. $ 68,000
c. $ 56,000
d. $201,400

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 8-49

Quick Check 4a

What are the total cash disbursements for the

quarter?
a. $185,000
b. $ 68,000
c. $ 56,000
d. $201,400

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 8-50

Expected Cash Disbursement for

Materials – Part 4

Accounts payable at June 30 = $56,800×50% = $28,400

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 8-51

Learning Objective 5

Prepare a direct labor

budget.

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 8-52

The Direct Labor Budget – Part 1

At Royal, each unit of product requires 0.05
hours (3 minutes) of direct labor. The labor can
be unskilled because the production process is
relatively simple and formal training is not
required.
Royal pays its workers at the rate of $10 per
hour.
Let’s prepare the direct labor budget.

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 8-53

The Direct Labor Budget – Part 2

From production budget.

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 8-54

The Direct Labor Budget – Part 3

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 8-55

The Direct Labor Budget – Part 4

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 8-56

Quick Check 5
What would the total direct labor cost for the
quarter be if the company pays time and one-half
($10 × 1.5 = $15) for all hours worked by
employees over 2,000 per month?
a. $51,700
b. $52,000
c. $53,250
d. $57,000

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 8-57

Quick Check 5 Answer

What would the total direct labor cost for the
quarter be if the company pays time and one-half
($10 × 1.5 = $15) for all hours worked by
employees over 2,000 per month?
a. $51,700 April May June Quarter
Labor hours required 1,300 2,300 1,450
b. $52,000 Regular hours paid 1,300 2,000 1,450 4,750
c. $53,250 Overtime hours paid - 300 - 300

d. $57,000 Total regular hours

Total overtime hours
4,750
300
$10 $ 47,500
$15 $ 4,500
Total pay $ 52,000

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 8-58

Learning Objective 6

Prepare a manufacturing
overhead budget.

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 8-59

Manufacturing Overhead Budget – Part 1

At Royal, manufacturing overhead is applied to units of
product on the basis of direct labor hours.
The variable manufacturing overhead rate is $20 per
direct labor hour.
Fixed manufacturing overhead is $50,000 per month,
which includes $20,000 of noncash costs (primarily
depreciation of plant assets).

Let’s prepare the manufacturing overhead budget.

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 8-60

Manufacturing Overhead Budget – Part 2

Direct Labor Budget.

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 8-61

Manufacturing Overhead Budget – Part 3

Total mfg. OH for quarter $251,000

= $49.70 per hour *
Total labor hours required 5,050

* rounded

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 8-62

Manufacturing Overhead Budget – Part 4

Depreciation is a noncash charge.

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 8-63

Ending Finished Goods Inventory

Budget – Part 1

Production costs per unit Quantity Cost Total

Direct materials 5.00 lbs. $ 0.40 $ 2.00
Direct labor 0.05 hrs. $ 10.00 0.50
Manufacturing overhead 0.05 hrs. $ 49.70 2.49
$ 4.99
Budgeted finished goods inventory
Ending inventory in units 5,000
Unit product cost $ 4.99
Ending finished goods inventory $ 24,950

Direct materials
budget and information.

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 8-64

Ending Finished Goods Inventory

Budget – Part 2

Production costs per unit Quantity Cost Total

Direct materials 5.00 lbs. $ 0.40 $ 2.00
Direct labor 0.05 hrs. $ 10.00 0.50
Manufacturing overhead 0.05 hrs. $ 49.70 2.49
$ 4.99
Budgeted finished goods inventory
Ending inventory in units 5,000
Unit product cost $ 4.99
Ending finished goods inventory $ 24,950

Direct labor budget.

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 8-65

Ending Finished Goods Inventory

Budget – Part 3

Production costs per unit Quantity Cost Total

Direct materials 5.00 lbs. $ 0.40 $ 2.00
Direct labor 0.05 hrs. $10.00 0.50
Manufacturing overhead 0.05 hrs. $49.70 2.49
$ 4.99
Budgeted finished goods inventory
Ending inventory in units 5,000
Unit product cost $ 4.99
Ending finished goods inventory ?

Total mfg. OH for quarter $251,000

= $49.70 per hour
Total labor hours required 5,050

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 8-66

Ending Finished Goods Inventory

Budget – Part 4

Production costs per unit Quantity Cost Total

Direct materials 5.00 lbs. $ 0.40 $ 2.00
Direct labor 0.05 hrs. $ 10.00 0.50
Manufacturing overhead 0.05 hrs. $ 49.70 2.49
$ 4.99
Budgeted finished goods inventory
Ending inventory in units 5,000
Unit product cost $ 4.99
Ending finished goods inventory $ 24,950

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 8-67

Ending Finished Goods Inventory

Budget – Part 5

Production costs per unit Quantity Cost Total

Direct materials 5.00 lbs. $ 0.40 $ 2.00
Direct labor 0.05 hrs. $ 10.00 0.50
Manufacturing overhead 0.05 hrs. $ 49.70 2.49
$ 4.99
Budgeted finished goods inventory
Ending inventory in units 5,000
Unit product cost $ 4.99
Ending finished goods inventory $ 24,950

Production Budget.

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 8-68

Learning Objective 7

Prepare a selling and

administrative expense
budget.

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 8-69

Selling and Administrative Expense

Budget – Part 1
At Royal, the selling and administrative expense budget is divided
into variable and fixed components.
The variable selling and administrative expenses are $0.50 per unit
sold.
Fixed selling and administrative expenses are $70,000 per month.
The fixed selling and administrative expenses include $10,000 in
costs – primarily depreciation – that are not cash outflows of the
current month.

Let’s prepare the company’s selling and administrative expense

budget.

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 8-70

Selling and Administrative Expense

Budget – Part 2

Calculate the selling and administrative

cash expenses for the quarter.

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 8-71

Quick Check 6

What are the total cash disbursements for selling

and administrative expenses for the quarter?
a. $180,000
b. $230,000
c. $110,000
d. $ 70,000

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 8-72

Quick Check 6a

What are the total cash disbursements for selling

and administrative expenses for the quarter?
a. $180,000
b. $230,000
c. $110,000
d. $ 70,000

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 8-73

Selling Administrative Expense Budget

– Part 3

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 8-74

Learning Objective 8

Prepare a cash budget.

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 8-75

Format of the Cash Budget

The cash budget is divided into four sections:
1. Cash receipts section lists all cash inflows excluding cash received
from financing;
2. Cash disbursements section consists of all cash payments
excluding repayments of principal and interest;
3. Cash excess or deficiency section determines if the company will
need to borrow money or if it will be able to repay funds previously
borrowed; and
4. Financing section details the borrowings and repayments
projected to take place during the budget period.

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 8-76

Additional Cash Budget Information

Assume the following information for Royal:
Maintains a 16% open line of credit for $75,000.
Maintains a minimum cash balance of $30,000.
Borrows on the first day of the month and repays loans
on the last day of the month.
Pays a cash dividend of $49,000 in April.
Purchases $143,700 of equipment in May and $48,300
in June (both purchases paid in cash).
Has an April 1 cash balance of $40,000.

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 8-77

The Cash Budget – Part 1

Schedule of Expected
Cash Collections.

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 8-78

The Cash Budget – Part 2

Schedule of Expected
Cash Disbursements.

Manufacturing
Overhead Budget.

Selling and Administrative

Expense Budget.

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 8-79

The Cash Budget – Part 3

Because Royal maintains

a cash balance of $30,000,
the company must borrow
$48,000 on its line-of-credit.

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 8-80

The Cash Budget – Part 4

Because Royal maintains

a cash balance of $30,000,
the company must borrow
$48,000 on its line-of-credit.

Ending cash balance for April

is the beginning May balance.
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 8-81

The Cash Budget – Part 5

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further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 8-82

Quick Check 7

What is the excess (deficiency) of cash available

over disbursements for June?
a. $ 95,000
b. $(21,000)
c. $ 175,000
d. $ 130,500

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 8-83

Quick Check 7a

What is the excess (deficiency) of cash available

over disbursements for June?
a. $ 95,000
b. $(21,000)
c. $ 175,000
d. $ 130,500

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 8-84

The Cash Budget – Part 6

$48,000 × 16% × 3/12 = $1,920

Borrowings on April 1 and
repayment on June 30.

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 8-85

Learning Objective 9

Prepare a budgeted income

statement.

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 8-86

The Budgeted Income Statement – Part

1

Cashed Budgeted
et Income
l
Budget
p
om Statement
C

With interest expense from the cash budget, Royal

can prepare the budgeted income statement.

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 8-87

The Budgeted Income Statement – Part 2

Sales Budget.
Royal Company
Budgeted Income Statement
For the Three Months Ended June 30
Ending Finished
Sales (100,000 units @ $10) $ 1,000,000 Goods Inventory.
Cost of goods sold (100,000 @ $4.99) 499,000
Gross margin 501,000
Selling and administrative expenses 260,000 Selling and
Operating income 241,000 Administrative
Interest expense 1,920
Net income $ 239,080
Expense Budget.

Cash Budget.

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 8-88

Learning Objective 10

Prepare a budgeted balance

sheet.

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 8-89

Additional Budgeted Balance Sheet

Information
Royal reported the following account balances
prior to preparing its budgeted financial
statements:
•Land - $50,000
•Common stock - $150,000
•Retained earnings - $248,650 (April 1)
•Equipment - $175,000

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 8-90

Budgeted Balance Sheet – Part 1

30% of June
sales of
$300,000.

11,500 lbs.
at $0.40/lb.

5,000 units
at $4.99 each.
50% of June
purchases
of $56,800.

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 8-91

Budgeted Balance Sheet – Part 2

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 8-92

End of Chapter 8

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