M.

Tech Thesis updates on

Techno-Economic Assessment of Sewage

Treatment Plant (STP) Technologies Used in
India

Presented by
Sayangdipta Sen
Roll No: 23WM60R08
Water Engineering & Management
 Our Approach

Preparation of Classifying Site visit to Laboratory analysis

Database STPs based on the selected & finally techno-
their STPs economic
 STPs on Ganga Basin

geography assessment of the

 STPs of all states (CPCB)

 STPs of all states (SBM)

infrastructure
 Literature Reviews
1. Environmental and economic performance evaluation of municipal wastewater treatment plants in India: A life cycle approach; Sheetal Kamble, Anju Singh, Absar
Kazmi, and Markus Starkl;

The goal of this study is to evaluate the environmental impacts of six WWT technologies, namely: sequencing batch reactor (SBR), membrane bioreactor (MBR), moving
bed biofilm reactor (MBBR), activated sludge process (ASP), soil biotechnology (SBT) and aerated lagoons (AL) using LCA.
The functional unit of the LCA is considered to be 1 m3.
SBR: In this study, a small-scale, 2.5 MLD capacity SBR plant designed for greater organic, as well as nutrient removal, was selected for the analysis.
MBR: A 0.8 MLD capacity plant was selected. Low-pressure membrane filtration, either microfiltration or ultrafiltration, is used to separate effluent from activated
sludge. The membrane is immersed in the reactor.
MBBR: A 2 MLD MBBR plant was selected. MBBR technology provides cost-effective treatment with minimal maintenance since MBBR processes self-maintain an
optimum level of productive biofilm. Additionally, the biofilm attached to the mobile bio-carriers within the system automatically responds to load fluctuations.
ASP: The ASP is one of the most commonly used technologies for secondary sewage treatment in India. In this study, 1 MLD capacity plant was selected.
SBT: A 1.5 MLD plant designed to recycle sewage was studied. The plant has a treatment bed made from specially prepared soil with required mineral additives. The bed
is about 2.5 m in height spread over an area of about 1,700 m2.
AL: A 1.4 MLD plant was selected. Artificial aeration is provided to oxidize the organic matter. In aerobic lagoons, all the suspended solids in the wastewater are in
suspension, and complete mixing occurs.
The total energy consumption (per MJ/m3 ) over the life cycle of the plants has been found to be AL (3.39) > MBBR (2.51) > MBR (1.69) > SBR (0.913) > ASP (0.682) >
SBT (0.131) which is in the range of the similar studies carried out in India (Singh & Kazmi 2017). High capital and O&M costs have been pointed out as a major
drawback for MBRs’ widespread implementation. MBR technology is found to be comparable to or sometimes better than upgraded MBBR and SBR plants to produce
effluent of excellent quality, as the water quality produced by other WWTPs is insufficient (Singh & Kazmi 2017). MBBR is economical, but removing TSS and BOD5 is
unsatisfactory and produces a medium-quality effluent.
 Literature Reviews (continued..)
2. An assessment of small-scale STP technologies: India; Examples, performance, and cost for three common STP types; The Sanitation Technology Platform (STeP), May
2017

STeP collected data for 81 small-scale STP installations serving various end-use types of which 46 are MBBR, 25 are SBR & 10 are MBR. Each types are provided
below:

 MBBR (Madurai, Tamil Nadu): Capacity= 50 KLD, Installation in 2015, Output Volume: 30 KLD, BOD: 10 mg/L, COD: 20 mg/L, TSS: Nil, MPN: E-Coli log 6
removal, Area= 123 m2, Energy Requirements=250 KWh per day, Operations Cost (Monthly)= Total: $2,161 (Rs. 144000).

 SBR (Bengaluru, Karnataka): Capacity= 55 KLD, Installation in 2016, Output Volume: 54 KLD, BOD: <10 mg/L, COD: <100 mg/L, TSS: 10 mg/L, MPN: <100
mg/L, Area= 89 m2, Energy Requirements=350 KWh per day, Operations Cost (Monthly)= Total: $1,225 (Rs. 81650).

 MBR (Karnataka): Capacity= 25 KLD, Installation in 2014, Output Volume: 23 KLD, BOD: <10 mg/L, COD: <50 mg/L, TSS: 50 mg/L, Area= 48 m2, Energy
Requirements=120 KWh per day, Operations Cost (Monthly)= Total: $1,170 (Rs. 78000).
 Literature Reviews (continued..)
3. Performance Evaluation of Waste Water Treatment: A Case Study on Sewage Treatment Plant (STP); K.N. Rukmini Florence, Chiranjeevi Rahul Rollakanti, Dr.
C.Venkata Siva Rama Prasad, C. Venkata Sai Nagendra;

Source: Wastewater from Vengamamba Annaprasada Kshetram is the main source of waste to this plant.
Location: Treatment plant ‘A’ is situated at Annarao Cottage Area, near Srivarimettu footpath in Tirumala
Capacity: 0.5MLD,
Type of technology: ASP
Conclusions:
1. The observed values of TSS at screens inlet is 700mg/l and decreased to 150 mg/l at collection tank.
2. The observed values of TDS at screens inlet is 2200mg/l and decreased to 1000 mg/l at collection tank.
3. The observed values of BOD5 at the screens inlet is 200mg/l and decreased by 85% to 30 mg/l at collection tank.
4. The observed values of COD at screens inlet is 340mg/l and decreased by 71.76 % to 96mg/l at storage tank.
5. The observed nitrate values are decreasing from screens inlet 1.38mg/l to 0.7mg/l at the mixed storage.
6. The observed phosphate values are decreasing from screens inlet 0.42 mg/l to 0.1mg/l at the mixed storage.
7. The observed values of total settleable solids at screens inlet is 10mg/l /hr and decreased to 0 mg/l/hr at collection tank.
8. The oil and grease are removed at desired level. The permissible limit of oil and grease ranges from 8 to 10mg/l.
 Literature Reviews (continued..)
4. Assessment of the efficiency of sewage treatment plants: A comparative study between Nagasandra and Mailasandra sewage treatment
plants”, Kathmandu university journal of science, engineering and technology, 2010

Ravi Kumar et. al. (2010) did the comparative study of Urban Waste Water Treatment Plants (UWTPs) towards the periphery of Vrishabhavathi valley, located in
Nellakedaranahalli village of Nagasandra and Mailasandra Village, Karnataka, India. The STP provided at Nagasandra handles an average design flow of 20 MLD
followed by minimum and peak flow of 10 and 40 MLD respectively. In contrast, the STP at Mailasandra is designed to handle an average design flow of 75 MLD with
minimum and peak flows of 45 and 155 MLD respectively. The primary parameters included pH, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, chlorides and sulphates, the ratio of COD
to BOD; while secondary parameters are MLSS and SVI, covering physical, chemical, and biochemical properties of the wastewater. It is found that the reduction in
COD, BOD, total suspended solids was significant in both plants poor efficiency in terms of total dissolved solids removal.

5. Mansi Tripathi et. al. (2013) conducted study for evaluation of two STPs which were operating on Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) and Fluidised Aerobic
Bioreactor (FAB) technologies using two approaches, evaluating the treatability performance and Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA). Composite samples were collected and
refrigerated. BOD removal efficiency of Daulatganj STP is better while COD removal efficiency of Bharwara STP is good. TSS removal is better in Daulatganj STP. For
more appropriate comparison of the performance of the two STPs, the Life Cycle Cost for different technologies used in these STPs had been carried out for selecting best
technology. For Life Cycle Cost estimation, the life of the STPs is assumed to be 20 years (n) and interest rate (i) to be 10% as prevailing. Life Cycle Costs have been
calculated by keeping the capacity of the plant fixed and varying the rate of land. Then Life Cycle Costs have been calculated by altering the size of the plant but keeping
the cost of the land constant. In both the cases, the rate of increase of the LCC is greater for the Bharwara plant. (Copied from a review paper)
 Literature Reviews (continued..)
6. Anaerobic and aerobic sewage treatment plants in Northern India: Two years intensive evaluation and perspectives: Mohd. Najibul Hasan, Abid Ali Khan, Sirajuddin
Ahmad, Beni Lew

The present study investigates the long-term treatment performance of seven different sewage treatment plants located in different cities of north India for over a period of
two years; two treatment technologies based on intensive aerobic processes — sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and; three
combination of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor followed by aerobic processes — Polishing Ponds (PP), Aeration + PP, and Downflow Hanging Sponge
(DHS). Seven different STPs located in different towns of North India-Ludhiana [(111 MLD Capacity, UASB + Aeration + PP) and (152 MLD, UASB + Aeration + PP)];
Agra (78 MLD Capacity, UASB + DHS ∼5 MLD); Saharanpur (38 MLD, UASB + PP); Gurugram (119 MLD, SBR); Faridabad (20 MLD, SBR) and Hathin (4.5 MLD,
MBBR) were monitored monthly for a period of over 2 years. Only the STPs based on SBR, MBBR, and combined UASB + DHS-based processes produce an effluent
quality required for the disposal into surface water bodies.
The BOD, COD, and TSS removal efficiencies ranged 63%–95% for all STPs irrespective of the treatment technology used. The NH4-N and PO4-P removal were more
than 85 and 60%, respectively, for SBR, MBBR and UASB + DHS based STPs. However, for UASB followed by PP or Aeration + PP, an increase in nutrient
concentration was observed from influent to effluent.
 Future Works
 Currently reviewing 2 more papers on performance evaluation of STPs of which one is a M.Tech thesis and other is a PhD thesis.

 Sorting out 2-3 best performing STPs of different technologies across the country.

 Need to visit plants and collect necessary data for testing the performance.