Integrals
Mathematics
Suyash Bansal
Introduction to Integration
Definition: Integration is the process of finding Purpose: To calculate areas under curves,
the integral of a function, which is the inverse accumulated quantities, and solve differential
operation of differentiation. equations.
Indefinite Integrals
Definition: An indefinite Notation: ∫ f(x) dx = F(x) + C Example: ∫ x^2 dx = (x^3/3)
integral represents a family +C
of functions whose
derivative is the integrand.
Basic Integration Formulas
∫ xn dx = (xn+1)/(n+1) + C, n ≠ -1
∫ ex dx = ex + C
∫ sin(x) dx = -cos(x) + C
∫ cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C
Properties of Indefinite Integrals
Linearity: ∫ [af(x) + bg(x)] Integration by Integration by Parts: ∫ u dv
dx = a∫ f(x) dx + b∫ g(x) dx Substitution: ∫ f(g(x))g’(x) = uv - ∫ v du
dx = ∫ f(u) du
Definite Integrals
Definition: The definite
integral of a function over Example: ∫[1 to 2] x^2 dx =
an interval [a, b] is the net Notation: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx [x^3/3] from 1 to 2 = (8/3)
area between the function - (1/3) = 7/3
and the x-axis.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Part 1: If F is an antiderivative of f on [a, b], then ∫[a to b] f(x)
dx = F(b) - F(a).
Part 2: If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function g defined
by g(x) = ∫[a to x] f(t) dt is differentiable and g’(x) = f(x).
Techniques of Integration
01 02 03 04
Substitution: Simplify By Parts: Apply the Partial Fractions: Trigonometric Integrals:
the integrand by formula ∫ u dv = uv - ∫ v Decompose rational Integrate functions
changing variables. du. functions into simpler involving trigonometric
fractions. functions using
identities.
Applications of Integration
Area Under Curves: ∫[a to b] f(x) dx gives the area under f(x)
from a to b.
Volume of Solids: Using methods like the disk/washer
method and the shell method.
Solving Differential Equations: Finding general and particular
solutions.
Example Problems
Problem 1: Evaluate ∫ (2x^3 - 3x^2 + 4x - 5) dx.
• Solution: ∫ 2x^3 dx - ∫ 3x^2 dx + ∫ 4x dx - ∫ 5 dx = (2x^4/4) -
(3x^3/3) + (4x^2/2) - 5x + C
Problem 2: Evaluate ∫[0 to π] sin(x) dx.
• Solution: [-cos(x)] from 0 to π = (-cos(π)) - (-cos(0)) = 1 + 1 = 2
Practice Questions
∫ (3x^2 - 4x + 1) dx
∫ e^(2x) dx
∫[1 to 3] (x^2 + 2x + 1) dx
∫ sec^2(x) dx
Summary
Reviewed concepts of indefinite and definite integrals.
Discussed fundamental theorem of calculus.
Explored techniques of integration.
Solved example problems and practice questions.
References
NCERT Class 12th Additional Calculus Online Resources and
Mathematics Textbook Reference Books Educational Videos
Thank You
