Introduction

● Data communications and networking

⚪ Change the way we do business and the way we live
⚪ Business decisions have to be made more quickly
⚪ Decision depends on immediate access to accurate
information
⚪ Business today rely on computer networks and
internetworks

⚪ Before get hooked up, we need to know:

● How networks operate
● What types of technologies are available
● Which design best fills which set of needs
Introduction
⚪ Development of the PC changes a lot in business,
industry, science and education.
⚪ Similar revolution is occurring in data communication
and networking
● Technologies advances are making it possible for
communications links to carry more and faster signals
● Services are evolving to allow the use of this expanded
capacity
● For example telephone services extended to have:
• Conference calling
• Call waiting
• Voice mail
• Caller ID
1.1 Data Communications

Communication:
● Means sharing information
• Local (face to face) or remote (over distance)
● Telecommunication
• Telephone, telegraph and television
• Means communication at a distance
• Tele is Greek for far
Data Communications

Data:
● Refers to information
• Presented in any form
• Agreed upon by the parties ( creating & using)

Data communication : is the exchange of data

between two devices via some form of
transmission medium (wire cable).
Data Communications

⚪ Communication system made up of a combination of

hardware and software
⚪ Effectiveness of data communication system depends
on:
1. Delivery : The system must deliver data to correct
destination. Data received by the indented user only
2. Accuracy: The system must deliver data accurately (no
change).
• Data changed & uncorrected is unusable
Data Communications

3. Timeliness: The system must deliver data in timely

manner
• Data arrived late are useless
• In the same order (video and audio) & without delay (Real time
transmission)
4. Jitter: Variation in the packet arrival time (uneven
quality in the video is the result)
Data Communications
Components

⚪ A data communication system is made up

of five components
Components

1. Message: the information (data) to be communicated

– Consist of text, numbers, pictures, audio, or video
2. Sender: the device that sends the data message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video
camera, …
3. Receiver: the device that receives the message
– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television,
….
Components

4. Medium: The physical path by which a message

travels from sender to receiver
– twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio waves
Components

5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data

communications
– An agreement between the communicating devices
– Devices may be connected but not communicating (no
protocol)
– Arabic speaker with Japanese speaker
Data Representation

Text

Number
s
Image
s

Audio

Video
Data Representation

● Text:
⚪ Sequence of bits (0s or 1s)
⚪ Different sets of patterns to represent text
symbols (each set is called: code)
⚪ ASCII: 7 bits (128 symbols)
⚪ common coding system today is: Unicode
⚪ Unicode uses: 32 bits to represent a symbol or
(4,294,967,296
character in any language )
Data Representation

● Numbers:
⚪ Represented by bit patterns
⚪ The number is directly converted to a binary
number
Data Representation

● Images:
⚪ Representedpixel
by bit patterns
⚪ A matrix of s
⚪ Resolution: size of the pixels
⚪ High resolution: more memory is needed
⚪ Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern
● 1-bit pattern (black and white dots image)
● 2-bit pattern (4 levels of gray)
● RGB (color images)
Data Representation

● Audio:
⚪ Continuous not discrete
⚪ Change to digital signal
● Video:
⚪ Recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie
⚪ Change to digital signal
Data Flow

● Communication between two devices can be:

⚪ Simplex
⚪ Half-Duplex
⚪ Full-Duplex
Data Flow

● Simplex (one way street)

⚪ The communication is unidirectional
⚪ Only one device on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive
⚪ Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data
⚪ Example: Keyboards, Monitors

Dat
a
Data Flow

● Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic)

⚪ Each station can both transmit and receive, but not
at the same time
⚪ When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice versa
⚪ The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by
the transmitting device
⚪ Example: Walkie-talkies
Dat
a

Dat
a
Data Flow

● Full-Duplex (Duplex) (two-way street)

⚪ Both stations can transmit and receive at same time
⚪ Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity
of the link
⚪ Sharing can occur in two ways:
● Link has two physically separate transmission paths
• One for sending and the other for receiving
● The capacity of the channel is divided between signals
travelling in both directions
⚪ Example: Telephone network
Dat
a
Dat
a
Exercise
● What mode of data flow the following exhibits shows?

Dat
a
Dat
a

● Answer: Full-Duplex
Networks

⚪ Network : A set of devices (nodes)

connected by communication links
Node : computer, printer, …
- Distributed Processing :
- Most networks used it
- Task is divided among multiple computers instead of
one single large computer
Networks

● Network Criteria
– Network must meet a certain number of criteria
– The most important of the network criterions are:
– Performance
– Reliability
– Security
Networks

● Performance
⚪ Transit time: A mount of time required for a message
to travel from one device to another
⚪ Response time: Elapsed time between an inquiry and
a response
Networks

● Performance
⚪ Performance depends on :
1- Number of users: large number slow response
time.
2- Type of transmission medium: fiber-optic cabling
faster than others cables.
3- Capabilities of the connected hardware: affect
both the speed and capacity of transmission.
4- Efficiency of the software: process data at the
sender and receiver and intermediate affects
network performance.
Networks

● Performance
⚪ Performance is evaluated by two contradictory
networking metrics:
● Throughput (high): a measure of how fast we can
actually send data through a network
● Delay (low)
Networks

● Reliability
⚪ Reliability is measured by:
1. Frequency of failure
2. Recovery time of a network after a failure
3. Network’s robustness in a catastrophe: protect by
good back up network system
Networks

● Security
⚪ Protecting data from unauthorized access
⚪ Protecting data from damage and
development
⚪ Implementing policies and procedures for
recovery from breaches and data losses
(Recovery plan)
Networks

● Physical Structures:
⚪ Type of connection
● Network: Two or more devices connected through
links
● Link: Communication pathway that transfers data
from one device two another
● Two devices must be connected in some way to the
same link at the same time. Two possible types:
• Point-to-Point
• Multipoint
Networks

● Point-to-Point
⚪ Dedicated link between two devices
⚪ Entire capacity of the link is reserved for
transmission between those two devices
⚪ Use an actual length of wire or cable
Networks

● Point-to-Point
⚪ Other options, such as microwave or satellite
is possible
⚪ Example: Television remote control
Networks

● Multipoint (multidrop)
⚪ More than two devices share a single link
⚪ Capacity is shared
⚪ Channel is shared either spatially or temporally
● Spatially shared: if devices use link at same time
● Timeshare: if users must take turns
Networks

● Physical Topology
⚪ The way a network is laid out physically
⚪ Two or more links form a topology
⚪ The topology of a network is the geometric
representation of the relationship of all the
links and linking devices (nodes) to one
another.
⚪ Four topologies : Mesh, Star, Bus, and Ring
Physical Topology
Physical Topology

● Mesh
⚪ Every link is dedicated point-to-point link
⚪ The term dedicated means that the link carries
traffic only between the two devices it connects
Physical Topology

● Mesh
⚪ To link n devices fully connected mesh has:
n ( n - 1) / 2 physical channels (Full-
Duplex)

⚪ Every Device on the network must have

n - 1 ports
Physical Topology

● Mesh
⚪ Example:
8 devices in mesh has links: n(n-1) / 2

number of links = 8 (8-1)/2 = 28

number of ports per device = n – 1 = 8 –1

=7
Physical Topology

● Mesh
⚪ Advantages
● Each connection carry its own data load (no traffic
problems)
● A mesh topology is robust
● Privacy or security
● Fault identification and fault isolation
Physical Topology

● Mesh:
⚪ Disadvantages
● Big amount of cabling
● Big number of I/O ports
● Installation and reconnection are difficult
● Sheer bulk of the wiring can be greater than the
available space
● Hardware connect to each I/O could be expensive

● Mesh topology is implemented in a limited

fashion; e.g., as backbone of hybrid network
Physical Topology

● Star:
⚪ Dedicated point-to-point to a central controller
(Hub)
⚪ No direct traffic between devices
⚪ The control acts as an exchange
Physical Topology

● Star
⚪ Advantages
● Less expensive than mesh
(1 Link + 1 port per device)
● Easy to install and reconfigure
● Less cabling
● Additions, moves, and deletions required one
connection
● Robustness : one fail does not affect others
● Easy fault identification and fault isolation
Physical Topology

● Star
⚪ Disadvantages
● Dependency of the whole topology on one single
point (hub)
● More cabling than other topologies ( ring or bus)

● Used in LAN
Physical Topology

● Bus
⚪ It is multipoint
⚪ One long cable acts as a backbone
⚪ Used in the design of early LANS, and Ethernet
LANs
Physical Topology

● Bus
⚪ Nodes connect to cable by drop lines and taps
⚪ Signal travels along the backbone and some of
its energy is transformed to heat
⚪ Limit of number of taps and the distance
between taps
Physical Topology

● Bus
⚪ Advantages
● Ease of installation
● Less cables than mesh, star topologies
⚪ Disadvantages
● Difficult reconnection and fault isolation ( limit of
taps)
● Adding new device requires modification of
backbone
● Fault or break stops all transmission
● The damaged area reflects signals back in the
direction of the origin, creating noise in both
directions
Physical Topology

● Ring
⚪ Each device has dedicated point-to-point connection
with only the two devices on either side of it
⚪ A signal is passed along the ring in one direction from
device to device until it reaches its destination
⚪ Each devices incorporates a Repeater
Physical Topology

● Ring
⚪ Advantages
● Easy of install and reconfigure
● Connect to immediate neighbors
● Move two connections for any moving (Add/Delete)
● Easy of fault isolation
⚪ Disadvantage
● Unidirectional
● One broken device can disable the entire network. This
weakness can be solved by using a dual ring or a switch
capable of closing off the break
Physical Topology

● Hybrid Topology
⚪ Example: having a main star topology with each
branch connecting several stations in a bus
topology
Categories of Networks

● Network Category depends on its size

● Two primary categories
⚪ LAN: Covers area < 2miles
⚪ WAN: Can be worldwide

⚪ MAN: Between LAN & WAN, span 10s of miles

Local Area Network (LAN)

● Privately owned
● Links devices in the same office, building, or
campus
● Simple LAN: 2 PCs & 1 printer in home or office
● Size is limited to a few kilometers
● Allow resources to be shared (hardware,
software, or data)
Local Area Network (LAN)

An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a

closet
Local Area Network (LAN)

● LAN is distinguished by:

⚪ Size (# users of OS, or licensing restrictions)
⚪ Transmission medium (only one type)
⚪ Topology (bus, ring, star)

● Data Rates (speed):

⚪ Early: 4 to 16 Mbps
⚪ Today: 100 to 1000 Mbps
Wide Area Networks (WAN)

● Provides long-distance transmission of data over

large geographic areas (country, continent,
world)
Wide Area Networks (WAN)

● Switched WAN
⚪ Backbone of the Internet

● Dialup line point-to-point WAN

⚪ Leased line from a telephone company
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

● Size between LAN and WAN

● Inside a town or a city
● Example: the part of the telephone company
network that can provide a high-speed DSL to
the customer
Interconnection of Networks:
Internetworks
● Two or more networks connected together
The Internet
● Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily
lives.
● It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time.
● Internet is a communication system that has brought a
wealth of information to our fingertips and organized it for
our use
● An internet is 2 or more networks that can communicate
with each other
● The Internet is a collaboration of more than hundreds of
thousands of interconnected networks
The Internet
● An internet (small i) is two or more networks
● Notable internet is called the Internet (hundreds of thousands interconnected
networks)
⚪ Private individuals + government agencies + school + research facilities +
Corporations + libraries in more than 100 countries
● This communication system came in 1969
● Mid-1960 (ARPA) Advanced Research Projects Agency in (DOD) was interested to
connect mainframes in research organizations
● 1967, ARPA presented its ideas for ARPANET
⚪ Host computer connecting to (IMP) interface message processor.
⚪ Each IMP communicate with other IMP
● 1969, four nodes (universities) connected via IMPs to form a network
⚪ Software (NCP) Network Control Protocol provided communication between the
hosts.
● 1972, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn invented (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol
● Later TCP was split to (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol and (IP) Internetworking
Protocol
The Internet

● Internet Today
⚪ Made of many LANs and WANs
⚪ Every day new networks area added and
removed
⚪ Internet services Providers (ISPs) offer services
to the end users
● International service providers
● National service providers Data
rate
● Regional service providers
● Local service providers
The Internet

Hierarchical organization of the

Internet
Protocols and Standards

● Protocol synonymous with rule

● Standards: agreed-upon rules

● Protocols
⚪ A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications
⚪ Defines What, How, and When it is communicated
Protocols and Standards
● Elements of a protocol:
⚪ Syntax: structure or format of data
● Example: 8-bits address of sender, 8-bits address of
receiver

⚪ Semantics: meaning of each section of bits

● Example: Does the address is a route to be taken or the
final destination of the message

⚪ Timing: when data should be sent and how fast they

can be sent
● Example: sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps ⇒ overload and
data loose
Standards
● Essential in creating and maintaining an open
and competitive market for equipment
manufactures
● Guaranteeing national and international
interoperability of data and telecommunication
technology and processes
● Providing guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
government agencies, and other service
providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity
necessary in today’s marketplace and in
international communications
Standards

● Two categories
⚪ De facto: not approved by an organized body
but adopted as standards through widespread
use
⚪ De jure: Legislated by an officially recognized
body
Standards
● Standards are developed through the
cooperation of:
⚪ Standards Creation Committees
● ISO, ITU-T, CCITT, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
⚪ Forums
● Created by special-interest groups
● Present their conclusions to the standards bodies
⚪ Regulatory Agencies
● Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Technology
(KSA)
● Purpose: Protecting the public by regulating radio, television,
and communication
Standards

● Internet standards
⚪ Tested thoroughly tested specification that is useful
to be adhered to by those who work with the
Internet
⚪ Formalized regulation that must be followed
⚪ Specification become Internet standard
● Begins as Internet draft for 6 months
● Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities
draft published as Request for Comment (RFC)
● RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to
all interested parties