LEARNING TARGETS
I can describe the location of genes in
chromosomes
I can identify the different patterns of non-
Mendelian inheritance
I can describe multiple genes
I can analyze the different inherited disorders
of the circulatory and respiratory systems
Pre-Assessment Activity
Directions: Arrange the following events
chronologically. Numbers 1-5.
___ Crossing Over
___ Replication of the DNA and chromosomes
___ Formation of four haploid cells
___ Homologous chromosomes are aligned at
the equatorial plate
___ Formation of two identical haploid cells
What are Chromosomes?
Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and
protein found in the nucleus of most living
cells
Carriers of GENES, the unit determiners of
hereditary characteristics
Genes in turn are made up of DNA
molecules.
Chromosome number varies depending on
the species.
Human has 46 chromosomes
What are Chromosomes?
What are Chromosomes?
What are Chromosomes?
What are Genes?
determiners of hereditary characteristics
portions of the DNA molecule, fundamental
unit of heredity
Through Human Genome Project, biologists
found out that humans have about 30,000
genes.
The specific location of genes along the
entire length of the chromosome is called the
locus (plural: loci)
What are Genes?
What are Alleles?
different
forms of
the same
gene
which are
located on
the same
part of the
chromoso
me.
Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884)
worked with varieties of pea plants to
establish the principles and laws that will
explain patterns of trait inheritance among
organisms.
His work serves as the foundation of the
modern principles of genetics, which
earned him the title “Father of Heredity”.
Principle of Incomplete Dominance
one allele is not completely dominant over
the other allele resulting in the blending of
characteristics or the appearance of
intermediate phenotype possessed by two
parents
Principle of Incomplete Dominance
Genotypic
Ratio
100% Rr
Phenotypic
Ratio
100% Pink
Principle of Codominance
neither allele can mask the expression of
the other allele
An example in humans would be the ABO
blood group, where alleles A and alleles B
are both expressed. So if an individual
inherits allele A from their mother and allele
B from their father, they have blood type
AB.
Principle of Codominance
Genotypic
ratio
100% BW
Phenotypic
ratio
100%
Checkered
Formative Assessment No. 1.3
Directions: Solve genetic problems involving
incomplete dominance. (5pts)
In watermelons, dark green skin color in
fruits is dominant over light green skin color.
When two watermelons were crossed, their
offspring all have skin colors that are all light
green with stripes of dark green. What are the
genotypes of the two parents? How about the
genotypes of the offspring formed?
Formative Assessment No. 1.3
G G
Dark Green Dark green
g Gg Gg
Light green Stripes of green Stripes of green
g Gg Gg
Light green Stripes of green Stripes of green
Genotypes of Parents are: Homozygous Dark green and homozygous
light green
Genotypes of Offspring: 100% Gg
Formative Assessment No. 1.3
Genotypes of Parents are: Homozygous Dark green and homozygous
light green
Genotypes of Offspring: 100% Gg
Principle of Multiple Alleles
involves more than just the typical two
alleles that usually code for a certain
characteristic in a species.
Example is the human blood groups – A, B,
AB and O
It is controlled by three alleles: lA and lB and
i.
Alleles lA and lB are dominant over i, but lA
and lB are codominant.
Principle of Multiple Alleles
Principle of Multiple Alleles
Sex-Linked Traits
Traits that are controlled by the genes
found in the sex chromosomes (both X and
Y)
recessive traits
affect mostly male offspring
Examples of sex-linked traits carried by the
genes in the X chromosome are color
blindness and hemophilia (also called
bleeder’s disease)
Sex-Linked Traits
Example: A female carrier of Hemophilia (XX)
marries a normal male (XY)
X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
Genotypic Ratio: 1:1:1:1 Phenotypic Ratio: 2:1:1
XX 25%
XX 25% 50% normal female
XY 25% 25% normal male
XY 25% 25% hemophiliac male
Sex-Linked Traits
Example: A male hemophiliac (XY) marries a
normal female (XX)
X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
Genotypic Ratio: 1:1:1:1 Phenotypic Ratio: 2:1:1
XX 50%
XY 50% 50% normal female (carrier)
50% normal male
Formative Assessment No. 1.3
2. A male hemophiliac (XY) marries a carrier
female (XX)
X X
X XX XX
Y XY XY
Genotypic Ratio: 1:1:1:1 Phenotypic Ratio: 2:1:1
XX 25%
XX 25% 25% hemophiliac female
XY 25% 25% hemophiliac male
XY 25% 25% normal male
25% normal female (carrier)
Sex-Linked Traits
Another example of sex-linked trait is color
blindness
Two alleles for eye vision – the dominant
normal eye vision (N) and the recessive
colorblind vision (n).
Female
Male Phenotype Genotype
Phenotype Genotype Normal XNX N
Normal XNY Carrier XNX n
Colorblind XnY Colorblind XnXn
Sex-Linked Traits
Example: A colorblind male marries a normal
vision female
XN XN
Xn X NX n XNXn
Y XNY X NY
Genotypic Ratio: 2:2 Phenotypic Ratio: 2:2
XNXn 50% 50% Carrier Female
50% normal male
XNY 50%
Sex-Linked Traits
Sex-linked traits is
also carried by the
genes in males’ Y
chromosome.
These are called
holandric traits.
One typical example
of this trait is
trichocysts.
Sex-Influenced Trait
carried by the autosomes and not the sex
chromosomes
Two alleles control this trait – the bald (b)
recessive gene, and the non-bald (B), the
dominant gene.
Phenotypical expression is controlled by the
hormone testosterone.
Male pattern baldness
Sex-Influenced Trait
Male Female
Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype
Bald X BY b Bald XbXb
Bald XbYb Not Bald X BX b
Not Bald X BY B Not Bald X BX B
Sex-Limited Trait
determined by the genes
in the autosomes, and
therefore found in both
male and female
trait is expressed only in
one gender and does
not appear in the other
Example: production of
milk in lactating mothers.
References
Aquino, M. D., Madriaga, E. A., Valdoz, M. P., &
Biong, J. A. (2017). Science Links 9. Manila: REX
Book Store, Inc. pp. 39-55
Genetics 101 | National Geographic accessed from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8tJGlicgp8.
We Are All Different - and THAT'S AWESOME! |
Cole Blakeway | TEDxWestVancouverED accessed
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=sQuM5e0QGLg
