Module-2

ANGLE MODULATION & DEMODULATION:

Basic definitions, FM, narrow band FM, wide band FM, transmission bandwidth
of FM waves, generation of FM waves: indirect FM and direct FM,
Demodulation of FM waves, FM stereo multiplexing, Phase-locked loop,
Nonlinear model of the phase – locked loop, Linear model of the phase – locked
loop, Nonlinear effects in FM systems.

MITE-Moodabidri 1
 Angle Modulation

 We have seen that an AM signal can be represented as

s(t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos  c t

Note that in this type of modulation the amplitude of signal carries information.

 Now we will see that information can also be carried in the angle of the
signal as

st   Ac cos c t   t 
Here the amplitude Ac remains constant and the angle is modulated.
This Modulation Technique is called the Angle Modulation
Angle modulation: Vary either the Phase or the Frequency of the carrier signal

 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation are special cases of Angle

Modulation
 Angle Modulation
Representation of PM and FM signals:

The Complex Envelope for an Angle Modulation is given by g t   Ac e j t 

Rt   g t   Ac Is a constant Real envelope,

θ(t) - linear function of the modulating signal m(t)

g(t) - Nonlinear function of the modulation.

The Angle-modulated Signal in time domain is given by st   Ac cos c t   t 

Special Case 1:
For PM the phase is directly proportional to the modulating signal. i.e.;

Where Dp is the Phase sensitivity of the phase modulator, having units of radians/volt.

Special Case 2:
For FM, the phase is proportional to the integral of m(t) so that

where the frequency deviation constant Df has units of radians/volt-sec.

 Angle Modulation

 Instantaneous Frequency (fi) of a signal is defined by

d t 
t
 i t     t    i ( ) d where  t   c t   (t )
dt 

 Phase Modulation occurs when the instantaneous phase varied in proportion to that of
the message signal.

 t  D p mt  Dp is the phase sensitivity of the modulator

Resulting PM wave: s (t )  Ac cos[ c t  D p m(t )]

 Frequency Modulation occurs when the instantaneous frequency is varied linearly
with the message signal.
 i (t )  c  D f m(t ) Df is the frequency
t
deviation constant
 t   D f m d


t
Resulting FM wave:
s (t )  Ac cos[ c t  D f m( ) d ]

 Phase and Frequency Modulations

• Phase Modulation • Frequency Modulation

Comparing above two equations , we see that if we have a PM signal modulated

by mp(t), there is also FM on the signal, corresponding to a different modulation
wave shape that is given by:

Similarly if we have a FM signal modulated by mf(t),the corresponding phase

modulation on this signal is:

Where f and p denote frequency

and phase respectively.
Generation of FM from PM and vice versa

Generation of FM using a Phase Modulator:

m f t  Integrator m p t  Phase Modulator st 

Df
Gain  (Carrier Frequency fc) FM Signal
Dp

Df t
m p t   m  d
f
Dp 

Generation of PM using a Frequency Modulator:

m p t  Differentiator m f t  st 
Df
Frequency Modulator
Gain 
Dp (Carrier Frequency fc) PM signal

D p  dm p t 
m f t    
D f  dt 
 FM with sinusoidal modulating signal

If a bandpass signal is represented by:  t   c t   (t )

1  d t  
 The Instantaneous Frequency of the FM signal is given by: f i t   f c   
2  dt 
1  d t 
 The Frequency Deviation from the carrier frequency: f d t   f i t   f c 
2  dt 

 The Peak Frequency Deviation is given by: 1  d t 

F max  dt 
2  

1
∆F is related to the peak modulating voltage by F 
2
D f Vp Where V p max mt 

 1  d t    1  d t  
 The Peak-to-peak Deviation is given by F pp max     min   
 2  dt    2  dt  
 FM with sinusoidal modulating signal

1  d t 
f i t   f c 
2  dt 

But,

Vp   BW

Average Power does not change

with modulation
Ac2
Average Power 
2
 Angle Modulation

Advantages:
 Constant amplitude means Efficient Non-linear Power Amplifiers can be used.
 Superior signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved (compared to AM) if bandwidth is
sufficiently high.

Disadvantages:
 Usually require more bandwidth than AM
 More complicated hardware
 Modulation Index

 The Peak Phase Deviation is given by:  max t 

∆θ is related to the peak modulating voltage by:   D pV p Where V p max mt 

 The Phase Modulation Index is given by:  p  Where ∆θ is the peak
phase deviation

 The Frequency Modulation Index is given by:

F ∆F Peak Frequency Deviation

f  B Bandwidth of the modulating signal
B
 Spectra of Angle modulated signals

Spectrum of Angle modulated signal 1

 
S  f   G  f  f c   G   f  f c 
2

Where G  f   g t   Ac e j t  

 Spectra for AM, DSB-SC, and SSB can be obtained with simple formulas
relating S(f) to M(f).
 But for angle modulation signaling, because g(t) is a nonlinear function of m(t).
Thus, a general formula relating G(f) to M(f) cannot be obtained.
 To evaluate the spectrum for angle-modulated signal, G(f) must be evaluated on
a case-by-case basis for particular modulating waveshape of interest.
Spectrum of PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
 Assume that the modulation on the PM signal is

m p t   Am sin  m t Then  t    sin  m t

Where  p  D p Am   is the phase Modulation Index.

Same θ(t) could also be obtained if FM were used

where m f t   Am cos mt

and    f  D f Am /  m
The peak frequency deviation would be 1
F  D f Am
2

The Complex Envelope is:

1
g t   Ac e j t 
 Ac e j sin  m t
which is periodic with period Tm 
fm
Spectrum of PM or FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulating Signal
Using discrete Fourier series that is valid over all time, g(t) can be written as

n 
Ac
g t    c n e jn mt
 e e
Tm 2
j sin  m t  jn m t
Where cn  dt
n  Tm  Tm 2

 1  j  sin   n  
Which reduces to c n  Ac    e   Ac J n  
 2 
Jn(β) – Bessel function of the first kind of the nth order

J  n    1 J n  
n
Is a special property of Bessel Functions

Taking the fourier transform of the complex envelope g(t), we get

n  n 
G  f    c n  f  nf m 
n 
or G  f   Ac  J    f  nf 
n  
n m
 Frequency spectrum of FM
 The FM modulated signal in time domain

S (t )  Ac J
n 
n (  ) cos[( c  n m )t ]
Observations:
 From this equation it can be seen that the frequency spectrum of an FM
waveform with a sinusoidal modulating signal is a discrete frequency
spectrum made up of components spaced at frequencies of c± nm.
 By analogy with AM modulation, these frequency components are called
sidebands.
 We can see that the expression for s(t) is an infinite series. Therefore the
frequency spectrum of an FM signal has an infinite number of sidebands.
The amplitudes of the carrier and sidebands of an FM signal are given by
the corresponding Bessel functions, which are themselves functions of the
modulation index
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation
 The following spectra show the effect of modulation index, , on the
bandwidth of an FM signal, and the relative amplitudes of the carrier and
sidebands

 
 S( f ) 
 
 1A 
 c 
 2 
1.0

f
BT
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

 
 S( f ) 
 
 1A 
 c  J0(1.0)
 2 

1.0
J1(1.0)

J2(1.0)

f
BT
Spectra of an FM Signal with Sinusoidal Modulation

 
 S( f ) 
 
1
 A 
 c 
 2 
1.0

BT
Carson’s rule
 Although the sidebands of an FM signal extend to infinity, it has been found
experimentally that signal distortion is negligible for a bandlimited FM signal
if 98% of the signal power is transmitted.

 Based on the Bessel Functions, 98% of the power will be transmitted when
the number of sidebands transmitted is 1+ on each side.

(1+b)fm
 Carson’s rule
 Therefore the Bandwidth required is given by

BT 2    1 B
β – phase modulation index/ frequency modulation index
B – bandwidth of the modulating signal

For sinusoidal modulation B  fm

 Carson’s rule : Bandwidth of an FM signal is given by

BT 2  1 f m

Note: When β =0 i.e. baseband signals BT 2 f m

Narrowband Angle Modulation
 Narrowband Angle Modulation is a special case of angle modulation where θ(t) is
restricted to a small value.
 (t )  0.2 rad

 The complex envelope can be approximated by a Taylor's series in which only first
two terms are used.
g t   Ac e j
becomes g t   Ac 1  j t  [ because e x 1  x for x  1]

 The Narrowband Angle Modulated Signal is s t   Ac cos  c t  Ac t sin  c t

 The Spectrum of Narrowband Angle Modulated Signal is

Ac
Sf    f  f c     f  f c   j f  f c   f  f c 
2
 D p M  f , PM

 f   t   D f
 j 2f M  f .
where FM

Indirect method of generating WBFM

Balanced Modulator s t   Ac cos  c t  Ac t sin  c t

Wideband Frequency modulation
FM Stero System
FM Stero System
Phase–Locked Loop
Phase–Locked Loop
Phase–Locked Loop
Phase–Locked Loop
Phase–Locked Loop- Linear model
Phase–Locked Loop- Linear model
Phase–Locked Loop- Linear model
Phase–Locked Loop- Linear model
The Superheterodyne Receiver

MITE-Moodabidri 33