DIABETES –
From Treat To
Threat
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Introduction to Diabetes
Types of Diabetes
Kinds of Diabetes
Causes and Risk Factors
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Management and Treatment
Complications of Diabetes
Prevention Strategies
Current Research and Developments
Conclusion
Bibliography
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CERTIFICATE
● This is to certify that this "Biology Investigatory Project" on the
topic "DIABETES" has been successfully completed by S.Devesh
Rana of class XII – A under the guidance of Mrs.Lekha Anandan in
particular fulfilment of the curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education {CBSE} leading to the award of annual examination of
the year 2024-25.
Teacher I/C 3
Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I WOULD TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE THANKS
AND GRATITUDE TO OUR BIOLOGY TEACHER Mrs LEKHA ANANDAN
FOR HER GUIDANCE IN COMPLETING THIS PROJECT.
I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO EXTEND MY GRATITUDE TO THE PRINCIPAL
SHRI. SASIMOHNAN SIR FOR PROVIDING ME WITH ALL THE
FACILITY THAT WAS REQUIRED.
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Introduction to Diabetes
• Definition and Types of Diabetes:
Diabetes is a chronic health condition
characterized by high levels of blood glucose.
The primary types are Type 1, Type 2, and
Gestational Diabetes.
• Prevalence and Significance: As of 2021,
approximately 537 million adults worldwide
are living with diabetes, making it a
significant global health issue.
Photo by Kate on Unsplash
Types of Diabetes
• Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune condition
where the body attacks insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas. Requires lifelong
insulin therapy.
• Type 2 Diabetes: A metabolic disorder
characterized by insulin resistance and
relative insulin deficiency. Often managed
with lifestyle changes and medication.
• Gestational Diabetes: A temporary form of
diabetes occurring during pregnancy,
increasing the risk of developing Type 2 Photo by Xavier Mouton Photographie on Unsplash
diabetes later in life.
• Prediabetes: means you have a higher than normal
blood sugar level. It's not high enough to be considered
type 2 diabetes yet. (You just got lucky)
KINDS OF DIABETES
● In DIABETES MELLITUS, the
level of glucose in your blood,
also called blood sugar, is too
high. Your kidneys try to remove
the extra glucose by passing it in
your urine.
● In DIABETES INSIPIDUS, your
blood glucose levels are normal,
but your kidneys can't properly
concentrate urine.
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Causes and Risk Factors
• Genetic Factors: Family history of diabetes
significantly increases the risk of developing
the condition. Specific genetic mutations can
also play a role.
• Lifestyle Factors: Poor diet, lack of physical
activity, and obesity are major contributors
to Type 2 diabetes. Smoking and excessive
alcohol consumption can also increase risk.
• Other Contributing Factors: Age,
ethnicity, and certain medical conditions like
hypertension and high cholesterol can Photo by Hyttalo Souza on Unsplash
elevate the risk of diabetes.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
• Common Symptoms: Frequent urination,
excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss,
extreme fatigue, blurred vision, and slow
healing of wounds.
• Diagnostic Tests: Fasting Blood Sugar Test,
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, HbA1c Test, and
Random Blood Sugar Test are commonly
used to diagnose diabetes.
Photo by Hush Naidoo Jade Photography on Unsplash
Management and Treatment
• Lifestyle Modifications: A balanced diet,
regular physical activity, weight
management, and smoking cessation are
crucial for managing diabetes.
• Medication and Insulin Therapy:
Medications like Metformin, Sulfonylureas,
and insulin therapy are commonly used to
control blood glucose levels.
• Emerging Treatments and Technologies:
Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), insulin
pumps, and research into islet cell Photo by Kate on Unsplash
transplantation offer new avenues for
diabetes management.
Complications of Diabetes
• Short-term Complications: Hypoglycemia
(low blood sugar), Hyperglycemia (high blood
sugar), and Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) are
acute complications requiring immediate
attention.
• Long-term Complications: Chronic
complications include cardiovascular disease,
neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and
increased risk of infections.
Photo by Alexander Grey on Unsplash
Prevention Strategies
• Dietary Recommendations: A balanced
diet rich in whole grains, fruits, vegetables,
lean proteins, and healthy fats helps prevent
diabetes. Limiting sugar and refined carbs is
crucial.
• Exercise and Physical Activity: Regular
physical activity, such as brisk walking,
swimming, or cycling, helps maintain a
healthy weight and improves insulin
sensitivity.
• Monitoring and Regular Check-ups: Photo by Magalie De Preux on Unsplash
Routine health check-ups and monitoring
blood glucose levels can help detect early
signs of diabetes and prevent complications.
Current Research and Developments
• Recent Advancements: Innovations
include artificial pancreas systems,
advancements in insulin pumps, and
continuous glucose monitoring systems that
improve diabetes management.
• Ongoing Studies: Research is focused on
understanding the genetic basis of diabetes,
developing new medications, and exploring
potential cures through stem cell therapy and
islet cell transplantation.
Photo by Hush Naidoo Jade Photography on Unsplash
Conclusion
• Summary of Key Points: Diabetes is a
chronic condition with significant health
impacts. Understanding its types, causes,
symptoms, and management strategies is
crucial for prevention and treatment.
• Importance of Awareness and
Management: Increasing awareness and
improving management strategies can
reduce the burden of diabetes and enhance
the quality of life for those affected.
Photo by Hyttalo Souza on Unsplash
BIBLIOGRAPHY
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes
● https://www.who.int/
● https://www.ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iehp101.pdf
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