Chapter 6 Pg.

217 - 229

6.1 AI
Definition :
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science
dealing with the simulation ( imitation of a situation or
process.) of intelligent human behaviour by a computer.[book
def.]
 AI works by simulating (imitating) human intelligence through
the use of algorithms, data, and computational power. The
goal is to enable machines or software to perform tasks that
typically require human intelligence, such as learning,
reasoning, problem-solving.
 It refers to computer systems capable of performing complex
tasks that historically only a human could do, such as
reasoning, making decisions, or solving problems.
 The ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot
to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.
About AI :
 This is often referred to as the cognitive functions
of the human brain (that is, the mental process of
acquiring knowledge and understanding through
thought, experience and the five senses).
Cognitive Function means a software that tries to
think and learn by imitating the way human brains
work.
 All of these cognitive functions can be replicated in
a machine.
Examples of AI :
Examples of AI include:
Smart home devices/Assistants (such as Amazon
Alexa or Apple Siri)
 use of ChatBots that interact through instant
messaging
 autonomous vehicles
 facial expression recognition.
 news generation based on live news feeds (this will
involve some form of human interaction)
Alexa (amazon) :
Alexa (amazon) :
Alexa (amazon) :
 Alexa can play your favourite song,
 Read the latest headlines,
 Dim the lights in your living room,
 Play podcasts.
 Set timers and alarms.
 Get tailored news reports.
 Ask web-based questions.
Face Recognition in smart
phones :
 Cohort is a group that is part of a clinical trial or
study and is observed over a period of time.
 Broad range of areas within AI :
• Image recognition; to identify objects or people in an
image.
• Speech recognition; to identify words spoken and
store them.
• Natural language; to receive a command or instruction
that is not in a set format and perform the required
response.
• Computer games; to move elements or characters
independently based upon the environment.
• Diagnosis systems; for example, medical diagnosis
Characteristics of AI :
AI is a collection of rules and data, together with the
ability to reason, learn and adapt to external stimuli.
There are three categories of AI :
Narrow AI is when a machine has superior
performance to a human when doing one specific task.
It has a narrow range of abilities
 General AI is when a machine is similar ( not superior)
in its performance to a human in any intellectual task.
It is on par (at same level or standard) with human
capabilities.
 Strong AI is when a machine has superior
performance to a human in many tasks. It is more
capable than a human.
Examples of Narrow AI :
 Google Search
 Siri by Apple, Alexa by Amazon, Cortana by
Microsoft and other virtual assistants
 Image / facial recognition software
 Manufacturing and drone robots
 Email spam filter
 Self-driving cars
Examples of General AI :
General AI (Artificial General Intelligence, AGI)
General AI refers to AI that can perform any intellectual
task(rational/ conceptual) that a human being can do. It is
capable of generalizing knowledge and skills across different
domains, though it currently does not exist.
• A Robot with AGI: A hypothetical(supposed/imagined)
robot that can understand and perform any task a human
can do, such as cooking, writing, driving, learning new
languages, and understanding complex human emotions,
would be an example of AGI.
• Human-like AI Research Assistant: Imagine an AI that
could not only research topics across all fields but also
come up with original theories, write academic papers
Characteristics of AI :
 ChatGPT is a NAI or General AI :
 ChatGPT is an example of narrow AI
(also known as weak AI).
 Narrow AI is designed and trained to perform
specific tasks or functions, such as language understanding
and generation in the case of ChatGPT.
 It is not capable of General Intelligence or understanding
across a wide range of tasks like a human can
AI Family :
 Types of AI systems :
1. Machine Learning :
 ML is a sub-set of artificial intelligence (AI), in which
algorithms are ‘trained’ and learn from their past experiences
and examples. It is possible for the system to make
predictions or even take decisions based on previous
scenarios.
 Some Al systems do not learn, for example, in a computer
game the characters can move and interact with your
character and adapt to what you do, but they are not learning
what you do, they are following their pre-programmed rules.
Machine learning (ML) can be supervised, or unsupervised.
 Supervised means that user is telling the program what its data
means, for example, in the image recognition example the user says
this image shows a horse.
 Unsupervised means that data is input, and then the program
learns from the data.
Machine Learning :
Machine Learning :
Machine learning is a subset of AI where algorithms
are ‘trained’ and learn from their past experiences.
Examples of Machine Learning :
1. In search engines where machine learning is used
to improve on the search engine’s ability to select
relevant websites based on the search criteria.
Web crawlers are used to ‘train’ the software/
algorithms so that the search engine ‘hits’ are
all listed on the first page of the search results.
2. Categorising emails as spam by analysing ‘cleaned’
emails after stop words like ‘the’, ‘and’ and ‘a’ have
been removed. Certain key words and phrases are
used to determine if emails could be spam. A
machine learning model is built and a ‘training
data set’ is used to ‘train’ the model so it can
learn from previous emails which were known
to be spam.
Examples of Machine Learning :
3. Recognising a user’s buying history
on the internet; this makes use of collaborative
Filtering(to work jointly). It is a process of comparing
a customer’s shopping behaviour to a new customer
who has similar shopping behaviour, which
allows the system to recommend products to
the new customer; this system is also used to
generate music playlists based on a user’s criteria.
4. Detection of fraudulent internet activity uses
web scraping (this is information about a customer’s
shopping habits used to predict credit/ debit card
activity) to identify any unusual spending patterns
and thus spot potentially fraudulent activity.
 Types of AI systems :
2. Expert Systems :
 Expert systems are a form of AI developed to
mimic human knowledge and experience. They
use knowledge and inference(deduction) to solve
problems by analysing responses to a series of
questions thus mimicking a human expert.
 Components of Expert Systems :
1. Knowledge base. It’s a part of an expert system that stores
the facts or This is a list of facts. for example, there is a
green light below the power symbol.
2. Rule base: It’s a part of an expert system that stores the
rules based upon the knowledge, or that links the facts. For
example, If the green light is on then the printer has power.
3. Inference engine. This is the part of the program that
decides which question to ask next, or which answers it
gives.
4. User Interface (deduction). It’s part of an expert system that
makes the decisions Or method by which the expert system
interacts with a user. The questions being asked usually
only have Yes/No answers.
 Expert Systems on Knowledge Based :
1. The knowledge base is a repository of facts
2. It stores all the knowledge about an area of expertise obtained
from a number of expert resources
3. It is basically a collection of objects and their attributes;
 Expert Systems on Rule Based :
1. The rules base is a set of inference rules
2. Inference rules are used by the inference engine to draw
conclusions (the methods used closely follow human
reasoning)
3. They follow logical thinking like the example above; usually
involving a series of ‘IF’ statements,
For instance,

IF continent = “South America” AND language

= “Portuguese” THEN country = “Brazil”
 Expert Systems on User Interface Based :

1. method by which the expert system interacts with a

user
2. interaction can be through dialogue boxes,
command prompts or other input methods
3. the questions being asked usually only have Yes/No
answers and are based on the responses to
previous questions.
 Expert Systems on Inference Engine Based :
1. This is the main processing element of the expert system
2. The inference engine(reasoning/conclusion ) acts like a
search engine examining the knowledge base for
information/data that matches the queries
3. It is responsible for gathering information from the user by
asking a series of questions and applying responses where
necessary; each question being asked is based on the
previous responses
4. the inference engine is the problem-solving part of the
expert system that makes use of inference rules in the rules
base
5. since the knowledge base is a collection of objects and
attributes, the inference engine attempts to use information
gathered from the user to find an object that matches
(making use of the rules base to find a match)
An example of Expert Systems :
Advantages n Disadvantages
of Expert Systems :
 Applications of Expert Systems :
There are many applications that use expert systems:
1. Oil and mineral prospecting (searching minerals)
2. Diagnosis of a patient’s illness
3. Fault diagnostics in mechanical and electronic
equipment
4. Tax and financial calculations
5. Strategy games, such as chess
6. Logistics (efficient routing of parcel deliveries)
7. Identification of plants, animals and
chemical/biological compounds
 Setting up an expert system :
1. Information needs to be gathered from human
experts or from written sources such as textbooks,
research papers or the internet.
2. Information gathered is used to populate the
knowledge base which needs to be first created.
3. A rules base needs to be created; this is made up of
a series of inference rules so that the inference
engine can draw conclusions.
4. The inference engine itself needs to be set up; it is a
complex system since it is the main processing
element making reasoned conclusions from data in
the knowledge base.
 Setting up an expert system :
5. The user interface needs to be developed to allow
user and expert system to communicate.

6. Once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested;

this is done by running the system with known outcomes
so that results can be compared and any changes to the
expert system made.
 Difference between ML and Expert systems :
1. ML: It learns the patterns and knowledge from data
through algorithm
Expert System: use pre-defined rules logical
reasoning to emulate(imitate) human expertise.
2. ML: Continuously improves and adapts.
Expert System: It does not learn or adapt over
time. It is based on static rules.
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answers
Past Paper Question :

May/ June 2024 / 11 Q10

Past Paper Question :
Past Paper Question :
Past Paper Question :

Nov/ Dec 2023 / 12 Q10

Past Paper Question :

Nov/ Dec 2023 / 12 Q10