Research
and Design
OBJECTIVE
At the end of this chapter, the student is
S
expected to:
• Define research in relation to its goals and
purpose;
• Classify and differentiate the different types of
research;
• Demonstrate the characteristics of a good
research problem as well as that of a good
design; and
• Differentiate research with design.
• Discuss the format of Research
What is
Research?
Research is simply a
systematic and refined
technique of thinking,
employing specialized tools,
instruments, and procedures
in order to obtain a more
adequate solution to a
problem than would be
possible under ordinary
means.
What is
Research?
Research is a systematic
process of investigating
and studying materials,
sources, and data to gain
new knowledge, confirm
existing theories, or
develop new theories and
solutions.
Purpose of
Research
• Expanding Knowledge
• Solving Problems
• Verifying Facts and Theories
• Innovating and Developing
New Products
• Informing Policy and Decision-
Making
• Supporting Education and
Learning
• Testing Hypotheses and
Exploring Relationships
• Building New Tools and
Research often follows a
methodical process,
including:
• Identifying a research question or
problem
• Conducting a literature review to
understand existing knowledge
• Formulating hypotheses or objectives
• Designing an experiment or study
• Collecting and analyzing data
• Drawing conclusions and sharing
findings (e.g., through publications or
reports)
Characteristics of
RESEARCH
The following are the generally accepted characteristics of
research:
0 0 0 04 05
1 2 3
Empiric Logical Cyclica Analytica Critical
al l l
Types of
Research
Basically, there are three types of research; pure
research, applied research and action research.
Applied Action Pure
Researc Researc Researc
h h h
Research
Methods
Research methods are the strategies, techniques, and processes
used to collect data and conduct research.
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1 2 3 Case
Descriptive Historical Experiment Ex post
Study
al Facto
ResearchMethods
Broadly, research methods fall into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
Quantitative Research
Methods
These methods involve the collection and analysis of numerical data and
often aim to identify patterns, test hypotheses, or establish relationships
between variables.
• Surveys/Questionnaires: Structured sets of questions aimed at
collecting data from a large sample of respondents.
• Experiments: Controlled tests designed to investigate cause-and-effect
relationships by manipulating one or more variables while keeping
others constant.
• Observational Studies: Systematic observation of subjects or
phenomena, usually without manipulation, to gather data in natural
settings.
ResearchMethods
Broadly, research methods fall into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
Quantitative Research
Methods
These methods involve the collection and analysis of numerical data and often
aim to identify patterns, test hypotheses, or establish relationships between
variables.
• Content Analysis: Quantitative approach to analyzing textual, visual, or
multimedia content by coding and counting occurrences of particular
phenomena.
• Longitudinal Studies: Research that gathers data from the same
subjects repeatedly over an extended period to observe changes or
trends over time.
• Statistical Analysis: Use of mathematical models, algorithms, and statistical
techniques to analyze data sets for patterns, correlations, and trends.
ResearchMethods
Broadly, research methods fall into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
Qualitative Research Methods
These methods focus on understanding experiences, meanings, and
perspectives, often involving more descriptive or subjective analysis of non-
numerical data.
• Interviews: In-depth, structured, semi-structured, or unstructured
conversations with individuals to gather personal insights or detailed
information.
• Focus Groups: Guided discussions with a small group of participants to
explore their views, experiences, and reactions to a topic.
• Case Studies: In-depth exploration of a particular case (such as an individual,
group, or organization) in its real-life context over time.
• Ethnography: A method where the researcher immerses themselves in a
particular community or cultural setting to observe and interpret behaviors,
ResearchMethods
Broadly, research methods fall into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
Quanlitative Research Methods
These methods focus on understanding experiences, meanings, and
perspectives, often involving more descriptive or subjective analysis of non-
numerical data.
• Narrative Analysis: Examining the stories or personal accounts people give
to understand how they construct meaning or describe events.
• Grounded Theory: An inductive method where researchers gather and
analyze data, then develop theories based on the patterns that emerge
from the data.
• Phenomenology: A method focused on understanding individuals' lived
experiences and the essence of particular phenomena.
ResearchMethods
Broadly, research methods fall into two categories: qualitative and
quantitative.
Mixed Methods Research
A combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to
provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research
problem. Mixed-methods research can be done by conducting
separate qualitative and quantitative studies or integrating both
methods in one study.
Thank
you
and
God
