Table 6.

1-1 Bone Markings

Being familiar with the description of the bone markings, can help when
identifying these markings on various bones.

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Table 6.1-2 Bone Markings (continued)

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 Figure 7.1 The human skeleton.

Cranium
Skull
Facial bones
Bones of
Clavicle pectoral
girdle
Thoracic cage Scapula
(ribs, sternum
and thoracic Sternum Upper
vertebrae) Rib limb
Humerus

Vertebra
Vertebral Radius
column Ulna Bones of
Sacrum pelvic girdle
Carpals

Phalanges
Two Divisions of Skeleton: Metacarpals
Femur
Patella Lower
Blue = Axial Skeleton limb
Tibia

Tan = Appendicular Skeleton Fibula

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Anterior view Posterior view
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Figure 7.4 Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

Parietal bone Frontal bone The skull is divided into the

cranium which protects the
brain, and the facial bones
that give structure and form
to the face.
Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone

Ethmoid bone

Sagittal suture
Parietal bone

There are 8 cranial bones

including: Lambdoid
Frontal suture
Parietal Occipital bone
Anterior view
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid and
Cranial Bones
Ehtmoid

These bones are connected

by sutures
Posterior view
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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture

Lambdoid suture

Occipital bone
Temporal bone

Occipitomastoid suture

External anatomy of the right side

of the skull Cranial Bones

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Figure 7.4 Anterior and posterior views of the skull.

There are 14 Facial Bones -

All of which are paired except the
vomer and the mandible:
Nasal bone
Maxillary (2)

Palantine (2)
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone Zygomatic (2)

Maxilla Inferior nasal concha

Vomer
Mandible Lacrimal (2)

Nasal (2)
Anterior view
Vomer (1)
Facial Bones
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)

Mandible (1)

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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic bone
Maxilla

External anatomy of the right side Mandible

of the skull

Cranial Bones

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Figure 7.4 Anterior and posterior views of the skull.
FEATURES OF THE SKULL BONES
Parietal bone Frontal bone

Squamous part
of frontal bone Frontonasal suture
Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch)
Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin
(greater wing) Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Optic canal
Ethmoid bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha
Ethmoid bone
Perpendicular plate
Maxilla Inferior nasal concha
Sagittal suture
Vomer
Mandible Parietal bone
Sutural
Mental bone
foramen Lambdoid
suture
Occipital bone
Anterior view

Occipitomastoid Mastoid
process of
suture Occipital temporal
condyle bone
Posterior view
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Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Coronal suture Frontal bone

Sphenoid bone
Parietal bone
(greater wing)
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Lacrimal bone
Lambdoid suture Lacrimal fossa

Occipital bone
Nasal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic process Zygomatic bone
Occipitomastoid suture Maxilla

External acoustic meatus

Mastoid process Alveolar processes
Styloid process
Condylar process
Mandible
Mandibular notch Mental foramen
Mandibular ramus
External anatomy of the right side Mandibular angle Coronoid process
of the skull

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Figure 7.5c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views.

Parietal bone
Squamous
suture Coronal suture
Temporal Frontal bone
bone Greater
wing Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid
suture Lesser
wing
Occipital Frontal sinus
bone
Crista galli
Nasal bone
Sphenoidal sinus
Occipitomastoid Ethmoid bone
suture (perpendicular plate)
Vomer

Maxilla

Alveolar processes
Sella turcica
of sphenoid
Bone: where the Pituitary gland is located Mandible

Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla

Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull

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Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity.

View Ethmoid Cribriform plate

bone Crista galli Frontal bone
Cribriform foramina
Sphenoid Lesser wing
Greater wing Optic canal

Sella turcica

Petrous Region Carotid Canal

of
Temporal bone

Jugular foramen

Parietal bone

Occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed

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Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed.

Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone (greater wing)
(zygomatic process)
Vomer
Mandibular
fossa Carotid canal
Styloid process External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Petrous Region of Jugular foramen
Temporal bone Occipital condyle

Parietal bone
Occipital bone
Foramen magnum
Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)

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Figure 7.8 The temporal bone.

External acoustic Squamous

meatus part

Zygomatic
process
Petrous
part Mastoid process Mandibular
fossa
Styloid process

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Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone : looks like a butterfly.

Optic Lesser
canal wing
Superior
orbital
fissure
Greater
wing
sella turcica

Superior view

Lesser
wing

Greater Superior
wing orbital
fissure

Posterior view
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Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone.

Crista galli
Cribriform plate
with cribriform
foramina

Ethmoidal
air cells
Perpendicular Middle
plate nasal concha

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 Figure 7.11 Detailed anatomy of the
Mandibular fossa mandible and the maxilla.
of temporal bone Coronoid
process

Condylar
process

Alveolar
Ramus
process
of Mental
mandible foramen

Mandibular
angle Body of mandible
Mandible, right lateral view

Orbital surface

Infraorbital
Zygomatic foramen
process
(cut)

Alveolar
process
Maxilla, photo of right
Maxilla, right lateral view lateral view
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Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses.

Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Sphenoidal
sinus
Maxillary
sinus

The sinuses depicted are air pockets within the named bones.
The sinuses lighten the skull or improve our voices, but their
main function is to produce a mucus that moisturizes the inside
of the nose.
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 The auditory ossicles are
three tiny bones (smallest
in the body) found in the
ear.

Malleus (shaped like a

hammer) (2)
Incus (shaped like an
anvil) (2)
Stapes (shaped like a
stirrup) (2 )

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 Hyoid bone – the ONLY “floating
bone” in the human body. It does
not attached to any other bone.

May here this one mentioned

on “CSI” type TV shows. This
bone is typically broken when
someone has been strangled to
death.

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 Figure 7.37 Skull of a newborn.
Frontal suture

Frontal bone Anterior

fontanelle
During birth,
fontanelles enable the
bony plates of the skull Ossification
center
to flex, allowing the
Parietal bone
child's head to pass
through the birth canal. Posterior fontanelle
The ossification of the Occipital
bone
bones of the skull Superior view
causes the anterior
fontanelle to close over Frontal bone

by 9 to 18 months. Sphenoidal
Parietal bone
fontanelle
Ossification
center
Posterior
fontanelle
Mastoid
fontanelle
Occipital bone
Temporal bone (squamous part)
Lateral view
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Figure 7.16 The vertebral column.
C1
The vertebral column 2

is divided into three 3 Cervical curvature (concave)

When looking at the
4 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7
sections, the sacrum 5
lateral view of the
6
and the coccyx. 7
vertebrae, one can
T1 Spinous
2 process see alternating
1. Cervical = 7 3 Transverse curvatures. The
processes
vertebrae 4
curvatures of the
5
(breakfast) 6
Thoracic curvature
vertebral column allow
(convex)
7 12 vertebrae,
T1 – T12 us as bi-peds to be
2. Thoracic = 12 8
able to stand upright.
9 Intervertebral
vertebrae (lunch) 10
discs

11 Intervertebral When looking at the

3. Lumbar = 5 12
foramen
vertebral column from
vertebrae (dinner) L1 the anterior of
2 posterior, there should
Sacrum is one bone 3
Lumbar curvature
(concave) be no curvatures.
made of 5 fused 4
5 vertebrae, L1 – L5

vertebrae 5

Coccyx is one bone Sacral curvature

(convex)
made of 4 fused 5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
vertabrae Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae

Anterior view Right lateral view

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Figure 7.19 Typical vertebral structures.

Posterior
Spinous
process
Transverse
process

Superior
Vertebral articular
arch facet
• and
process
•Lamina Vertebral
foramen
Pedicle
Body

Superior and inferior

Anterior articular processes are
where the vertebrae
articulate with each other

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Figure 7.20 The first and second cervical vertebrae.

C1 Posterior Posterior

Inferior
Transverse articular
Transverse process facet
foramen

Superior
Transverse foramen
articular
facet

Superior view of atlas (C1) Inferior view of atlas (C1)

Posterior
Posterior Bifid
C2
Spinous process Transverse Bifid
foramen in Spinous process
Inferior Lamina
transverse
articular
process
process
Pedicle

Superior
Superior articular
Transverse articular facet
process facet
Dens
Dens Body Body

Superior view of axis (C2) Photo of axis (C2), superior view

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Table 7.2-3 Regional Characteristics of Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae (continued)

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1. Transverse foramen 1. Downward Spinous process The lumbar vertabrae
2. Bifid Spinous process depicted here should be
2. Rib facets larger than the thoracic
3. Small body 3. Medium size body
1. Bulky spinous process
which is nearly horizontal
2. Large body
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Figure 7.22b The sacrum and coccyx.

Sacral promontory refers to the anterior projection of the first sacral vertebra

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 The Thorax
Sternum
•
Manubrium
•
Body
True
ribs
True ribs – 1-7 • Xiphoid
(1–7) process
connect to sternum by
their own costal
cartilage

False ribs – 8-10

connect to sternum
through the costal
cartilage of rib 7 False
ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal
T12 spaces
Floating ribs – 11-12
Do not connect to L1
Vertebra Costal cartilage
sternum (These are NOT Floating
floating bones: ie they ribs (11, 12)
articulate with the
NOTE*** ALL ribs articulate with the
vertebrae) thoracic vertebra
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