Electrical Substation

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 Electrical Substation
• A Substation is an assembly of apparatus which transform the
voltage from one level to another with necessary protection.
• A Substation is a link between the generation of power and
the ultimate consumer.

• COMPONENTS OF SUB STATION – SURGE ARRESTERS

– POWER TRANSFORMERS – SHUNT CAPACITORS
– CURRENT TRANSFORMERS – SHUNT REACTORS
– VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS/CVT – AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS
– CIRCUIT BREAKERS – CONTROL AND RELAY PANELS
– ISOLATORS-WITH EB/WITHOUT EB – 11KV SWITCHGEAR (MCVCB &
– BUS BARS PCVCB) & BATTERY
– POWER CABLES AND CONTROL CABLES 2
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TYPE OF SUB-STATIONS
Based on the availability of the land & Environmental cond Based on Location & Usage:
itions. • Generation substation
• Transmission substation
• Out door • Distribution substation
• In door • Collector substation
• Hybrid • Converter substations
• GIS • Switching substation
Classification by insulation & structure
DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY ±800 kV HVDC
765 kV
HVDC And
SGS-PEENYA

+/- 500 kV
1200kV

400 kV

220 kV

132 kV
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1950 1959 1977 1990 2000 2011
 220 kV Outgoing 400 kV Incoming/out going

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400/220 kV SUB STATION AT NELAMANGALA
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 Bus Switching Schemes…
 Single Main Bus Scheme
– with sectionaliser & without
sectionaliser
 Double Main Bus Scheme
 Single Main & Transfer Bus Scheme
 Double Main with by-pass isolator Bus
scheme
 Double Main & Transfer Bus Scheme
 One & Half Breaker Bus Scheme
 Double bus two breaker Scheme
 Ring Bus Scheme

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 SINGLE BUS SCHEME

 Simplest and
cheapest bus bar
scheme
 Maintenance and
extensions of
busbars are not
possible without
shutdown of the
substation.
 Operation &
maintenance of
bus bar is easy.
easy
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 SINGLE BUS WITH SECTIONALISER

 Similar to the single bus

scheme except the
sectionalising breaker or
isolator.
 By keeping the
sectionaliser open one
section can be in service
and the other can be
taken for maintenance or
extension.
 If a bus section breaker
is provided busbar
protection can detect
fault on any section and12
 SINGLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME

 Individual CB can be
taken out for
maintenance on-load at a
time.
 The transfer bus coupler
acts as the breaker for
the circuit under by pass.
 Individual circuits have a
bypass isolator to
connect to the transfer
bus and this isolator will
be closed during bypass
operation of that 13
 DOUBLE BUS SCHEME
 Load will be distributed on both
the buses and the bus coupler
shall be normally closed.
 For maintenance & extension of
any one of the buses the entire
load will be transferred to the
other bus.
 On load transfer of a circuit
from one bus to the other bus is
possible through bus isolators
provided the bus coupler is
closed and thereby two buses
are at the same potential.
 On load bypassing of any circuit
for breaker maintenance is not
possible.
possible 14
DOUBLE BUS WITH BY-PASS SCHEME

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DOUBLE BUS WITH BY-PASS SCHEME

 This bus arrangement provides the

facilities of a double bus arrangement &
a main and transfer bus arrangement.
 The bus to which the transfer bus
isolator is connected can be used as a
transfer bus also.
 During the time a circuit is under
bypass, the bus coupler will act as the
breaker for the bypassed circuit.

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DOUBLE MAIN AND TRANSFER SCHEME
 In this bus scheme, in addition
to the two main buses there
will be a separate transfer bus
also.
 Since separate transfer bus is
available there will be no need
of transferring the load from
one bus to the other bus
unlike in a double main cum
transfer bus arrangement.
 Other features are similar to
the one described in double
bus with by pass
arrangement.
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 BREAKER AND HALF SCHEME
 In this scheme, two circuit
have three breakers, the
middle breaker ties the two
circuits and hence is called
the tie breaker.
 Breaker or bus maintenance
is possible without any shut
down of the feeder
 Even if both the buses are
out of service, power can be
transferred from one feeder
to another feeder through
tie breaker

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 DOUBLE BUS TWO BREAKER SCHEME

 Each feeder is
controlled by two
breakers.
 This arrangement is
comparatively costlier
than other scheme and
hence followed in very
important substations
only.
 In this arrangement
breaker maintenance for
any feeder circuit is
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easily possible without
 RING BUS SCHEME

 As long as the ring is

closed load has two
sources of supply.
 Any circuit breaker can
be taken out of service
without affecting the
supply.
 Extension of ring
scheme is difficult.
 No bus bar protection
required.
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 PLANNING CRITERIA
Substation voltage Rated Breaking
Substation Area of land Area of land
level in kV capacity
voltage level required in required in
in kV Acres Meters 765 40kA/50kA
765 120 -
400 50kA/63kA
400 35-45 400X400
220 31.5kA/40kA
220 10-14 200x150
110 25kA/31kA
110 6-8 100X90
66 4-6 60X60 66 25kA/31kA
Standard Clearances & Bay widths INSTALLED CAPACITY IN SUBSTATION
220 kV
Voltage Transformer Capacity
Sl No Particulars 765 kV 400 kV Rigid Strung
bus bus
Level At Present Proposed
1 Bay width in Mtrs 45 27 14 17
In kV In MVA In MVA
Phase to phase
2 12 7 3.65 5
clearance in Mtrs
765 6000 9000
3
Phase to earth
10.5 6.5 3.35 3.5 400 1260 2000
clearance in Mtrs.

Ground clearance
220 320 500
4 12 8 5.5
in Mtrs.
132 150 250
Sectional clearance 21
5
in Mtrs
10 6.5 4.3 66 85 120
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 Distributed control & protection
container

Air circuit Breaker

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Maintenance :- Break down,
Predictive and Preventive Maintenance–DGA and RLA
Routine:- Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, Half yearly and
Yearly

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 Gas Insulated Substation
A Gas-insulated substation is a Substation in which no live part (Conducting
part) is exposed to human touch or atmosphere, except at the point of
interfacing with overhead transmission lines. All live parts (Conducting
part) of the system are enclosed in a metal enclosure with gas filled in it.

A Gas-insulated substation: A compact, multicomponent assembly, enclosed in

a grounded metallic housing in which the primary insulating medium is a
gas, and that normally consists of buses, switchgear, and associated
equipment (subassemblies).
Why GIS ?
The major driving forces to install GIS during the last 30 years are:
 Limitation of space for establishing substation.
 To increase availability in extreme climatic conditions
 To improve safety of operation
Further recent considerations have increased the application of GIS:
 Reduction of the gap in overall costs (advanced technology, higher volumes)
 Low maintenance requirement
 Insensitivity to external disturbances (tsunami)
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 Security (terror attacks)
• Space limitations in populated urban areas
• Areas exposed to severe atmospheric conditions
• Pollution , Ice, Sand, Wind etc.,
• Hydro Electric Plants (under ground)
• Resistance to Earth quake
• Low level of maintenance required
• Environment & Visual impact
• Fast track construction

6-8 Acres 400kV substation GIS Vs AIS 28

34-40Acres
Example of Replacement of a Substation

Existing AIS substation

After replacement (Gas Insulated Substation) 29

 Electrical configurations of GIS
Scheme Configuration comply to the following requirements
1. Bus bar is extendable in both directions Major Components
2. Modularised concept is used
Circuit Breaker
3. Flexible to interchange the feeders Isolator
4. Feeder take-off direction can be oriented Earth switch
Voltage Transformer
according to the site need Current Transformer
(Even Optical CT possible)
Types of Scheme Lightning Arrestors
1. Single Main Bus SF6 Air Termination
Cable Termination
2. Double Main bus Direct connection to
3. Single Main and Transfer Bus Transformer Bushing
4. Double Main and Transfer Bus Other Protection Devices
Gas Pressure Monitoring and Switches
5. Breaker & Half Scheme Safety Disc
Control System of GIS
Local Control Panel (LCC)
1.Control, Interlocking and Monitoring
of Bay apparatus
3. Communication interface with SCADA30
 JOURNEY OF SWITCH GEARS WITH SF6 GAS
1. Circuit Breakers
2. Gas insulated terminal bays of Hybrid switchgears for AIS
substations
3. GIS bus bar arrangements in AIS substations
4. Gas insulated substations
5. Gas insulated transformers
6. Gas insulated lines
The use of hybrid switchgears has initiated and enabled
the development of new distribution simplified
substations with many advantages such as:
1. Less space required for the same single line diagram
2. Higher flexibility of layout versus AIS
3. Extend single line diagram with the same space
4. Allows bus reconfiguration for increased system reliability &
Easier engineering
5. Reduced maintenance efforts and costs
6. Easier integration of secondary systems
7. Fast installation at site
8. Easy replacement in case of failure.
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USAGE OF HYBRID SWITCHGEAR

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HYBRID SWITCHGEARS & RELOCATABLE SWITCHGEARS

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GIS

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SF6 gas insulated switchgear

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 GIS indoor station

• Seven 245 kV switchgear bays

• Double busbars with a transfer busbar
• Modern protection
Sectional View of a Bay

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 Quantitive comparsion of substation area

Substation area

Life Cycle Cost (LCC):

Investment cost
Failure cost

Operational & Maintenance cost

 Ecological impact
 Air pollution tolerances Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
 Appearance / Aestetics Performance:
 Audible noise generated 
Flexibility
 EMF generated Safety
Automation level
 RIV interference
Technology vintage
 Disposal concerns 39
1: Busbar
2: Diconnector 550 kV GIS
3: Maintenance Earthing Switch
4: Current Transformer
5: Circuit Breaker
6: Current Transformer
7: Maintenance Earthing Switch
8: Diconnector
9: Earthing Switch
10: Voltage Transformer
11: Bushing

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1000 kV GIS

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Indoor Cable Termination

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 Outdoor SF6 to Air Termination

Out door 550kV GIS

Japan

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 On site delivery of Multi –bay GIS Units and Assembly
Improved Packaging & handling allowing transport of 2-3 GIS bays with fully wired LCC
On site transport frames for site installation.
Reduced weights and dynamic loads lead to lighter foundations.
Shortened local installation and commissioning time.

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 GIS - CIVIL ASPECTS

Architectural Planning
1) The Building plan to accommodate the GIS & other Equipments as per Electrical
Requirement
 Voltage Level
 Total No. of Bays required
 Layout Scheme (Double Bus, Single Bus, etc.)
 Make of Equipment
 Plot plan orientation & Building orientation
 Accessibility / Approach
2) The columns are to be located without interfering the Equipments, Ducts (Bus Duct,
AC Duct, etc.) and any other utility
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 Gas Insulated Transformers

110kV-50MVA Low-pressure type

275kV-300MVA High-pressure type 47

1. High voltage overhead lines vs. high voltage cables up to
400 kV
2. In tunnel or in ground
3. Solution for environmental conflict
4. Space savings

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In the Limberg II pumped-storage power station in Kaprun, Austria, built in 2010, a GIL
system was laid in a shaft with a gradient of 42 °. It connects the cavern power plant
with the 380 kV overhead line at an altitude of about 1,600 meters. As GIL systems
pose no fire risk, the GIL tunnel is not only accessible but also used for Ventilation
purposes.

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Any Questions ?

Thank you

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 Relevant Standards
 IEC Publications

 IEC - 694 -1980.

Common clauses for high voltage switchgear and
control gear.
 IEC- 517 -1990.
Gas insulated metal enclosed switchgear for rated
voltage of 72.15 KV and above.
 IEC- 61850:
Standard defines for strict rules for realizing inter
operability between functions & devices used for
protection ,monitoring, control & automation independent
of manufacturer
 Relevant Standards
• IEC Publications (standard, recommendations and
reports)
694 : common clause for high-voltage switchgear and control
gear standard.
517:Gas – insulated metal enclosed switchgear for rated
voltage of 72.5KV and above.
62271-100 (Former IEC-56); high voltage alternating – current
circuit breaker
129: alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches.
185: Current Transformers
186: Voltage Transformers
137: Bushing for alternating voltages above 1000V
529: degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Core)
376 ,376A ,and 376B : specifications and acceptance of new
conditions.
 Relevant Standards
• IEC Publications (standard, recommendations and
reports)
 694 : common clause for high-voltage switchgear and control
gear standard.
 517:Gas – insulated metal enclosed switchgear for rated
voltage of 72.5KV and above.
 62271-100 (Former IEC-56); high voltage alternating – current
circuit breaker
 129: alternating current disconnectors and earthing switches.
 185: Current Transformers
 186: Voltage Transformers
 137: Bushing for alternating voltages above 1000V
 529: degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Core)
 376 ,376A ,and 376B : specifications and acceptance of new
conditions.
 Relevant Standards

• Indian Standards:
IS.2705 (Part-I to IV) : Specification for Current
Transformer
IS.4201 : Application guide for Current
Transformers
IS.3156 (Part I to III) : Specification for Voltage
Transformer
IS.3156 (Part IV) : Specification for Capacitor
Voltage Transformer
IS.4146 : Application guide for Voltage
Transformers
 IS.5547 Application guide for Capacitor Voltage
Transformers
 What is SF6 ?
--- SF6-gas: Sulfur hexafluoride
--- 6 fluorine atoms (green) are grouped around, a sulphur atom (yellow)
--- At 20°C and 1 bar, the density is 6.1 4kg / m3, (5x heavier than air)
--- Colourless, odourless and chemically neutral (inert), (non – toxic)
--- SF6 is non-toxic for human beings, it does not contain harmful
pollutants
--- SF6 is not a hazardous material according to the legislation for
chemicals,
Tests have been carried out replacing the nitrogen content of air by sf6 (the gaseous
mixture consisted of 79 % sf6 and 24 % oxygen): Five mice were then immersed in this
atmosphere for 24 hours, without feeling any ill effects.
- It is a gas in which the speed of sound propagation is about three times less than in air,
at atmospheric pressure. The interruption of the arc will therefore be less loud in sf6
than in air.

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- The dielectric strength of sf6 in on average 2.5 times that of air and by increasing
pressure, it can be seen that the dielectric strength also increases around 3.5 bar of
relative pressure, sf6 has the same strength as fresh oil.

SF6 allows very high power availability

In comparison with all other existing switchgear types, SF6-insulated switchgear
offers maximum safety of operation and availability
Causes of fault are excluded by design:
– No hot contacts: No oxidation of contacts and connections
– No electrical flashover: Reduction of insulation due to external effects is excluded
– No internal faults: independence from external environmental effects and personal
failure
High availability
– Extended lifetime since no corrosion
– Maintenance free
– Probability of faults reduced to a minimum
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 Maximum personal safety
• Metallic, earthed enclosure all around:
– Full and shockproof enclosure of all live parts
– Inadvertent opening of the gas compartment by operating personnel
with the consequence of an accident is excluded
• Probability of arc faults is clearly lower as against air-insulated
switchgear (fault statistic survey Amsterdam 1996)
• High-quality SF6 switches (load breaking) in hermetic SF6-insulated
enclosure throughout the entire service life.
• In case of unlikely event of leakage (including arc fault) safety of people
is not at risk
• Minimum consequences in case of fire since limited flammability
of SF6 switchgear components
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 GIS site Testing
List of main tests
 Dielectric test on main circuits (High voltage Power frequency
test)
 Dielectric test on auxiliary circuits.
 VT polarity and ratio test
 CT Polarities and ratios
 Measurement of the resistance of main circuit
 Gas tightness tests.
 Gas filling pressure test
 Gas moisture content measurement.
 General checks and verification
 Equipment operation tests

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 Procedure
 Before taking the GIS for dielectric test complete its installation and fill gas.
 Isolate the following part from GIS
 High voltage cable and overhead lines
 Power transformer and voltage transformer
 Surge arrestor
 All newly erected GIS parts shall be subjected to dielectric test
 GIS power circuit resistance
 Check list for flanged site assembled joints of GIS enclosure
 Leak test report for assemblies done at site for GIS
 Cabling and connection checks
 Calibration report of SF6 density monitor
 Check list of Earthing
 CB hydraulic oil pressure threshold test result
 CB hydraulic oil consumption checks
 CB operating time measurement checks
 CB functional checks
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 Interlock checks on CB
 Disconnector operation and time measurement checks
Specific list of tests and check list
 Interlock checks as per logic block diagram
 Earth switch operation and time measurement checks
 Interlock checks on earth switch
 Operation checks on line bays
 Checks on current transformer parameters
 Injection checks on CT and its secondary circuit
 Checks on potential transformer parameters
 Injection checks on PT and its secondary circuit
 Checks on capacitive voltage transformer parameters
 Injection checks on CVT and its secondary circuit
 Checks on surge arrestor (LA)
 Annexure – 24 Checks on overhead line from 400KV switchyard
to turbine building through intermediate tower 60
 HV & Partial discharge test report
Specific
 Final check sheet list of tests and check list
 Acceptance criteria
 Technical specification
 Post energisation check sheet
 Before we Commit to client , acceptance from GIS vendor shall
be taken on procedure and list of test to be carried out.
 Refer IEC 517 for elaborate procedure.

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The section clearance for all voltage classes shall be:

Minimum safety
Highest Minimum safety
Voltage working
system working
class in clearance as per
voltage clearance followed as
KV rule no 64 of
in KV per the design
I.E.Rule1956
400 420 6500 mm 6000 mm

220 245 5000 mm 4300 mm

110 123 4000 mm 3500 mm

66 72.5 3500 mm 3000 mm

33 36 3000 mm 2800 mm

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4.5.4.3. Ground clearance
• The ground clearance is the distance between ground level and bottom of any
insulator in an out door substation.
• This ensures that any person working in the area cannot touch or damage the
insulators accidentally.
• This clearance is kept as 2.5 meters for all voltage levels.
• However in cases, where the vehicles and cranes are allowed inside a substation, the
ground clearance for the equipment falling on both sides of the road are to be
enhanced as the vehicles and cranes height is generally 3.5 meters.
• The minimum ground clearances between the live point & ground at the substation
for the different voltage classes as per rule no 64 of I.E.Rule 1956 are as follows
 400 KV 8000 mm
 220 KV 5500 mm
 110 KV 4600 mm
 66 KV 4000 mm
 33 KV 3700 mm

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Evolution of Grid connection in India

230 GW
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 Distributed control & protection
container

VACUUM CIRCUIT
BREAKERS 66
400/220 kV SUB STATION AT NELAMANGALA
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