Loops
Course Code: CSC1102 &1103 Course Title: Introduction to Programming
Dept. of Computer Science
Faculty of Science and Technology
Lecturer No: 4 Week No: 2 (1X1.5 hrs), Semester: Fall 24-25
Lecturer: Md.Ariful Islam (
[email protected])
Lecture 4: Outline
for Loops
Increment Operator
Program Input
for Loop Variants
The while Statement
The do Statement
The break Statement
The continue Statement
Program Looping
Looping: doing one thing over and over
Program loop: a set of statements that is executed
repetitively for a number of times
Simple example: displaying a message 100 times
Program looping: enables you to develop concise programs containing
repetitive processes that could otherwise require many lines of code !
Example – 200th triangular number
flowchart
Statement before loop triNum = 0 Some Triangular number examples
initialization loop control
variable n=1
no
Loop condition n<=200
yes
Statements inside
Loop triNum = triNum + n
Updating loop control
n=n+1
variable
Statement after loop Print triNum
Example - for
/* Program to calculate the 200th triangular number
Introduction of the for statement */
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int n, triNum;
triNum = 0;
for ( n = 1; n <= 200; n = n + 1 )
triNum = triNum + n;
cout<<"The 200th triangular number = " << triNum;
return 0;
}
The for statement
for ( init_expression; loop_condition; update Expression){
program statements. . .
}
1 init_expression
no
5 2 loop_condition
yes
3 Program statement
4 Loop expression After Loop
The for statement
no
1 2 5 4
yes
for ( n = 1; n <= 200; n = n + 1 ){
3
triNum = triNum + n;
6
How for works
The execution of a for statement proceeds as follows:
1. The initial expression is evaluated first. This expression usually sets a
variable that will be used inside the loop, generally referred to as an index
variable, to some initial value.
2. The looping condition is evaluated. If the condition is not satisfied (the
expression is false – has value 0), the loop is immediately terminated.
Execution continues with the program statement that immediately follows
the loop.
3. The program statement that constitutes the body of the loop is executed.
4. The looping expression is evaluated. This expression is generally used to
change the value of the index variable
5. Return to step 2.
Infinite loops
It’s the task of the programmer to design correctly the algorithms so that
loops end at some moment !
// Program to count 1+2+3+4+5
int main (void) What is wrong
here ?
{ Does the loop end?
int i, n = 5, sum =0;
for ( i = 1; i <= n; n = n + 1 ){
sum = sum + i;
cout<<sum<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
Relational operators
Operator Meaning
== Is equal to
!= Is not equal to
< Is less than
<= Is less or equal
> Is greater than
>= Is greater or equal
The relational operators have lower precedence than all arithmetic operators:
a < b + c is evaluated as a < (b + c)
ATTENTION ! Do not confuse:
the “is equal to” operator == and the “assignment” operator =
ATTENTION when comparing floating-point values !
Only < and > comparisons make sense !
Increment operator
Because addition by 1 is a very common operation in programs, a special
operator was created in C for this.
Increment operator: the expression ++n is equivalent to the expression n = n
+ 1.
Decrement operator: the expression --n is equivalent to the expression n = n
–1
Increment and decrement operators can be placed in front (prefix) or after
(postfix) their operand.
The difference between prefix and postfix:
Example: if n=4:
a=n++ leads to a=4, n=5
a=++n leads to a=5, n=5
The while statement
while ( expression ){
program statements . . .
}
while ( number <= 0 )
{
cout<<“The number must be >0“<<endl;
cout<<“Give a new number: “<<endl;
cin>>number;
}
The while statement
Loop with the test
in the beginning !
Body might never
be executed !
Loop_expression
no
yes
statement
Program to calculate the 200th triangular number
Using while Loop
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
//Statements before loop
int n, triNum;
triNum = 0;
n = 1; //initialization loop control variable
while (n <= 200){//while loop condition
triNum = triNum + n; //Statements inside
loop
n = n + 1;
}
//Statements after loop
cout<<"The 200th triangular number = " << triNum;
return 0;
Example:
A program to print out the digits of a number in
reverse order …
Example – Flowchart for Printing the digits of a
number in reverse order.
Start
Input number
false
number > 0
true
right_digit = number%10
Print right_digit
End
number = number / 10
Example - while
// Program to reverse the digits of a number
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
int number, right_digit;
cout<<"Enter your number"<<endl;
cin>>number;
while ( number != 0 ){
right_digit = number % 10;
cout<< right_digit;
number = number / 10;
}
return 0;
}
The do{}while() statement
do{
program statements . . .
} Loop with the test
while ( loop_expression ); at the end !
Body is executed
at least once !
statement
yes
loop_expression
no
Which loop to choose ?
Criteria: Who determines looping
Entry-condition loop -> for, while
Exit-condition loop -> do
Criteria: Number of repetitions:
Indefinite loops ->while
Counting loops -> for
You can actually rewrite any while as a for and
viceversa !
The break Statement
Can be used in order to immediately exiting from
a loop
After a break, following statements in the loop
body are skipped and execution continues with
the first statement after the loop
If a break is executed from within nested loops,
only the innermost loop is terminated
The break statement
//Programming style: don’t abuse break !!!
...
while ( number != 0 ) {
// Statements to do something in loop
cout<<"Stop, answer 1:” <<endl;
cin>>answer;
if(answer == 1)
break; // very bad idea to do this
}
The continue statement
Similar to the break statement, but it does not make the loop
terminate, just skips to the next iteration
Example - continue statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// loop from 1 to 10
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
/* If i is equals to 6, continue to next iteration without
printing */
if (i == 6)
continue;
else
cout << i << " "; // otherwise print the value of i
}
return 0;
}
Difference between break and continue
