Ms.

Nidhi N Patel
Assistant Professor
Parul Institute of pharmacy & research
 Heat
⚫ Definition: Transfer
Heat transfer is the process of
transfer of heat from high temperature system to
a low temperature system.
⚫ In the thermodynamic system, heat transfer is the
movement of heat across the boundary of the
system due to temperature difference between
the system and surrounding.
⚫ There are three modes of heat transfer :
⚫ Conduction, convection and radiation.
⚫ The process in which there is no transfer of
heat between the system and its surrounding is
called as adiabatic process.
 Application :
⚫ Evaporation : Heat is supplied in order to
convert a liquid into vapour. The liquid present in
material is evaporated with the help of heating to
get a concentrated product. E.g. preparation of
vegetable extracts.
⚫ Distillation : Heat is supplied to liquid mixture
for converting the liquid into vapour so that
individual vapour components are condensed at
another place.
⚫ Drying : In the production of tablets, heat is
passed through a carrier gas over a bed of wet
solid mass for achieving drying.
⚫ Crystallisation : Saturated solution is heated to
bring about supersaturation, which promotes the
 Cont..

⚫ Sterilisation : For the sterilisation of

pharmaceuticals , autoclaves are used with
steam as a heating medium. Dry heat is used
for the sterilisation of glass
apparatus and other containers.
 Objectiv
⚫ To reduce the es or energy
heat loss and
making energy utilisation more effective.
⚫ Insulation , it is to reduce the heat transfer
as much as possible across a system and its
surrounding.
⚫ Enhancement , it is the promotion of heat
transfer across a finite temperature difference.
⚫ Temperature control, the temperature of a
region is required to be maintained close to
specified value.
Thermoregulation of human body through more
or less blood flow to localised regions coupled
with mechanisms like sweating is an example of
 Mechanism of Heat Transfer
⚫ Heat flows from a region of high temperature
to a region of low temperature. Heat may flow
by one or more of the three basic mechanisms.
⚫ Conduction
⚫ Convection
⚫ Radiation
 Conduction:
⚫ Conduction , is a process in which heat flows in
a body is achieved by the transfer of the
momentum of individual atoms or molecules
without mixing .
⚫ Or Transfer of heat from one atom to another
within an object by in direct contact with each
other.
⚫ For example, flow of heat through metal shell of
a boiler takes place by conduction as far as
solid wall or shell is considered.
⚫ The flow of heat is depends on the transfer of
vibrational energy from one molecule to
another , and in case of metal the movement of
 Convection ;
⚫ Convection , is process in which heat flow is
achieved by actual mixing of warmer portions
with cooler portions of same material.
⚫ It is the heat transfer due to bulk movement
within
fluid such as gases and liquids.
⚫ For example , heating of water by hot surface is
mainly by convection.
⚫ Natural convection(or free convection)
refers to a case where the fluid movement is
created by the warm fluid itself. The density
of fl uid decreases as it is heated. Thus ,
hot fl uids are lighter than cool fluid.
Cont ..
⚫ Forced convection uses external means of
producing fluid movement.
⚫ Forced convection is what in winter days ,
heat loss from your body is increases due
to the constant replenishment of cold
air by the wind.
⚫ Natural wind and fans are two most
common sources of forced convection.
 Radiatio
n
⚫ Radiation is a energy transfer process in which
heat flows through space by means of
electromagnetic waves.

⚫ Radiative heat transfer occurs when the emitted

radiation strikes another body and is
absorbed .We all experience radiative heat
transfer everyday ; solar radiation , absorbed by
our skin, is why we feel warmer in the sun in the
shadow.

⚫ Solar water heaters, solar cookers, microwave

ovens, microwave cookers, sonicator baths etc.,
 Conduction
⚫ Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat
(internal energy) by microscopic collision of
particles and movement of electrons within a
body.
⚫ The basic law of heat transfer by conduction can
⚫ be written in the form of rate equation as
Rate = driving
follows: (1)
force resistance
Driving force is the temperature drop across
solid surfaces, the greater the temperature drop,
the greater will be the rate of heat flow.
The flow of heat will also depend on
conductivity of material through which it
is flowing.
Cont ..
⚫ For example , conduction of heat is faster
through an iron rod than though wooden
log. This factor is represented by the term
resistance, which can be quantitatively
expressed by Fourier's law.
⚫ Resistance = Thickness of the surface (m)
Proportionality
= constant Χ Area of surface
L Km. (2)
This equation A
for resistance which obtained
from Fourier’s law.
 Fourier’s law – Conduction of heat through Metal wall
⚫ Fourier’s law states that rate of heat flow
through a uniform material is proportional to
area and temperature drop and inversely
proportional to the length of path of flow.
⚫ Rate of heat flow α Area (m2) Χ Temp
difference (Δt)
Thickness (m)

q α A . Δt

q = Km.LA.
(3)
Δt L
Where, Km =mean proportionality
constant,W/m.K
 Derivation :
⚫ Fourier law can be applied to a metal
wall through which the conduction of
heat taking place.
⚫ Area of wall = A,m2
⚫ Thickness of wall= L, m
⚫ Face of wall (HH) is maintained at
uniform, definite & higher temperature
= t1, K
⚫ Face of wall (CC) is maintained at a
lower , but uniform temperature = t2 , K
⚫ The heat flow will be at right angle to
the plane A & is assumed to be in
steady state.
Cont..
⚫ Consider thin section of thickness dL at an
intermediate point in the wall.
⚫ for this section , Fourier’s law may be applied
as given : dQ = -k.A .dt
(4)
dθ dL
Where, Q= Heat transfer
θ = Time,s
K = Proportionality constant ,
W/m.K t = Temperature ,K
The ‘minus’ sign indicate the decrease in
temperature in direction of flow.
in equation (dt/dL) represents temperature
gradient.
Cont..
⚫ For the steady state heat transfer, this equation
changes to : dQ/dθ = constant = q = -
K.A.dt/ dL---------(5)
Where , q= rate of heat transfer, J/s (or W)

Rearranging equation (5) gives,

q = -Km.A. Δt --------------------(6)
L
Where , Km= mean proportionality
constant , W/m.K
in steady state heat transfer, ‘q’ remains
constant.
Rearranging equ(3) by comparing it with
rate equ.
Cont..
Cont..
By Comparing above equation with rate
expression ,
term Δt indicate the driving force.

Resistance = L
Km.A ----------- (8)

Fourier’s law is thus used to define the

resistance in quantitative term.
The thermal conductivity (K) is the
quantity of heat transmitted due to unit
temperature gradient, in unit time under
steady conditions in direction normal to a
surface of the unit area.
 CONVECTI
ONis a process in which heat flow is
⚫ Convection
achieved by actual mixing of warmer portion
with cooler portions of the same material.
⚫ Forced convection : It is defined as heat
transfer convection process in which mixing of
fluid may be obtained by the use of stirrer or
agitator or pumping the fluid for recirculation.
⚫ For example , in forced circulation evaporators,
the evaporating liquid is forced through tube
under pressure.
⚫ Therefore forced convection is observed.
⚫ Natural convection : is defined as heat transfer
convection process in which mixing of fluid may
be accomplished by currents set up, when body
 Cont..
⚫ For example , in pan evaporator, convection
currents are set up in the evaporating liquid.
⚫ In general , fl uid fl ow may be described as
either laminar or turbulent.These creates
problems in estimation.
⚫ When heat is passed through the tube,
stagnant films determine the rate of heat
transfer.
When fluid flow is viscous, velocity is zero at
actual surface of the wall. It means that layer of
fluid adjacent to wall acts as stagnant film.
Comparatively stagnant film can be
Cont.
Sometimes, scales are deposited on the
surface of the metal wall and heat must be
conducted through the scales.

When steam gives up latent heat , water will

condense on the surface of the vessel (or
tube ).Again the heat must be conducted
through this water film.

For heat transfer in tube , heat must pass

through stagnant film by conduction.
 Forced
convection
⚫ Forced convection is a heat transfer
convection process in which mixing of fluid
may be obtained by the use of stirrer or
agitator or pumping the fluid for
recirculation.

⚫ Consider a case of heat flowing from a hot

fluid through a metal wall into cold fluid .

⚫ Variation of temperature at a specific point is

observed.
 Metal wall : Characteristics
⚫ Dotted line HH and CC represent the
boundaries of the film in viscous flow on
the hot and cold sides.
⚫ The gradient through line tc and td caused
by
flow of heat whose conductivity is known.
⚫ Metal wall thickness is L.

Hot fl uid side :

⚫ To the right of HH, the fluid is in turbulent
flow on the hot side.
⚫ Ta is the maximum temperature in hot
fluid.
⚫ Tb is temperature at boundary on
 Cont..
⚫ Tc is the temperature at the actual interface.
⚫ Curve ta,tb,tc represents temperature
gradient from the bulk of hot fluid to the
metal wall.

Cold fl uid side :

To the left of CC , the fluid is in turbulent flow
on the cold side.
Tf is the minimum temperature of cold fluid.
Te is the temp. At the boundary on the cold side
Td is the temperature at the actual interface.
(between fluid and solid)
Cont..
⚫ Curve td, te, tf represents the temperature
gradient from the metal wall to the bulk of the
cold fluid.

⚫ Surface or film coefficients:

Film coefficient is the quantity of heat
flowing through unit area of the stagnant
film per unit drop in temperature.
It is the conductive capacity of the stagnant
film for the transfer of heat.
Let q watt (joule per second ) of heat is flowing
from hot fluid to cold one.
Same heat must pass through stagnant fluid film
on the hot side, through the metal wall and
through the stagnant film on the cold side.
 Cont..
⚫ Let , area of the metal wall on the hot side=A1,m2
⚫ Area of the metal wall on the cold side = A2, m2
⚫ Average area of the metal wall = Am,m2
Surface or film coefficient on the hot side:
On the hot side, the surface coefficient,h1,is
defined as:
Film coefficient on hot side Amount of
heat flowing (W) (W/m2.K) =
Area(m2)Χ diff. in temperature

H1 = q ----------- (9)
A1 (t1-tc)
From equation (9) and (6), it can be seen that
Cont..
⚫ Since L/KA is the resistance term for metal
wall.
⚫ 1/h1A1 is known as thermal resistance on
hot side.
⚫ The thermal resistance is due to the combine
effect of viscous film HH and turbulent
core.
⚫ Surface or film coefficient on the cold
side :
= Amount of heat
A2 (td-
flowing Area Χ diff in
and t2)
, temperature
h21 is thermal resistance on
A2 cold side.
h2 = q
 Overall coefficient :
⚫ In the over all heat transfer , three resistance
terms are involved in series,
1 is the resistance on the hot fluid
side. h1 A1

L is the resistance of the metal

wall. K.Am

1 is the resistance on the cold

fluid side. h2 A2
Cont..
⚫ The overall heat transfer written as:
q = Δt
---------------(9) 1 L
h1 + 1 h2A
K.Am
A1 2
+ and denominator of the
If both numerator
right side of equation (9) are multiplied
by A1, then

q= A1 Δt
1 + LA1+ A1
h1 k Am h2A2
Overall heat transfer coefficient U1 (W/m2.K) is
defined as one divided by the denominator
of above eq.
 Cont...

⚫ q = U1 A1 Δt

Rate of heat transfer = Overall heat transfer

coefficient Χ Area of heating surface Χ
Temperature drop
 Fluid in Natural Convection/Free convection
⚫ Natural convection is defined as heat
transfer convection process in which a
fl uid is heated , the currents set up may
cause mixing of fl uid .
⚫ This is type of heat transport , in which fluid
motion is not generated by external source (like
pump, fan, suction device etc)
⚫ In natural convection, fluid surrounding
heat source receives heat and by thermal
expansion becomes less dense and rises.
⚫ The surrounding ,cooler fluid is then moves
to replace it .
⚫ This cooler fluid is then heated and the process
Cont..
⚫ This process transfers heat energy from the
bottom of the convection cell to top.
⚫ The driving force for natural convection is
buoyancy, a result of difference in fluid
density.
⚫ This process continues thereby effecting the
mixing of hot and cold fluids.
⚫ Application :
⚫ Natural convection is observed when
extracts are evaporated in open pans.
 Modes of feed -heat transfer
⚫ Heat transfer by convection is involved between
two fluids.
⚫ Parallel heat fl ow- Variation in temperature
⚫ Counter current heat flow- Temperature
gradient.

⚫ Parallel heat flow:

When the hot fluid and the cold fluid enter the
apparatus from the same end, the flow is
parallel to each other. This arrangement is
known parallel flow.
The temperature of the hot fluid inside a
pipe decreases from T1 to T2 by transferring
cont..
Parallel heat flow:
Cont..
⚫ As a result, the cold fluid temperature is
increased from t1 to t2.
⚫ The temperature drop at left is much greater
than at right end. It means that heat transfer is
faster at left –side than that of the right –side.
⚫ Mathematically , heat transfer in parallel flow of
liquid can be written as:
dq= U.A.Δt ------------(10)
Eq.(10) is based on two assumption
a) The overall coefficient(U) is considered
constant throughout the equipment.
b) The specific heat of each fluid is
considered constant.
Cont..
Integrating equation
q= UaL Δt1- Δt2
In Δt1
---------------(11)
Δt2
Where L= length of
pipe,m a= area
of the pipe,m2
Comparing eq. With
q= UA Δt
Δtm= Δt1- Δt2
In Δt1
Cont..

⚫ Logarithmic mean temperature difference

(Δtm) is used. the total heating surface
(A)is equal to aL.
⚫ Heat transfer equation in parallel flow heat
exchanger is: q= UA Δtm
--------------- (13)

⚫ If the temperature drop is nearly equal

(Δt1≈Δt2), then arithmetic average
temperature (Δtm)
 Counter –current heat flow –temperature gradient.
⚫ When hot fluid is passed through one end of the
apparatus while cold fluid is passed through the other
end, fluid pass in opposite direction.This arrangement
is known as counter -current or counter –flow.
⚫ From figure it can be concluded that the temperature
drop along the length of the apparatus is nearly
constant.
⚫ In other words, amount of heat transfer per unit area
is
substantially same at both ends.
Counter –current heat flow.
Cont..
⚫ In counter –current heat flow, the exit
temperature of the hot fluid is considerably
less than exit temperature of the cold fluid .
⚫ If the Δt1 ≈ Δt2, temperature (Δt) can
be taken as arithmetic average.
Δtave= Δt1 + Δt2

-------------(14)
2
The heat transfer equation for counter current heat flow can be:
q= UA. Δtave
 Radiation :
⚫ Radiation is a energy transfer process in
which heat is transferred through space by
means of electromagnetic waves .
⚫ Thermal radiation :

⚫ Heat transfer by radiation is known as

thermal radiation .
⚫ Radiation is effective across perfect vacuum and
also through layers of air.
⚫ All solid bodies radiates energy when their
temperature are above the absolute zero.
⚫ The amount and kind of thermal energy radiated
increases rapidly with temperature.
Cont...
⚫ Thermal radiation usually occurs simultaneously
with heat transfer by convection and
conduction .

⚫ Advantages :

⚫ The radiation source corresponding to

wavelength
from
0.8 to 400 um is used for the thermal radiation.

⚫ Radiants energy penetrates a short distance (1

to 2 um ) into material.
 Fundamental concepts
⚫ Thermal radiation obeys same laws of light ,namely –
a) It travels in a straight line
b) It may be reflected from the surface.
Suppose the cold substance is placed in the sight of
hot body
inside an enclosed space .
The cold body intercept the radiation emitted by the
hot body .
 The fraction of radiations falling on the body may be

reflected , which is known as reflectivity, ρ.

 The fraction that is absorbed is known as
absorptivity, α.
 Cont..
⚫ The sum of these fractions must be unity :
α + ρ+ τ = 1
Black body :
All solid bodies radiates energy at temperature
above the absolute zero.
For the purpose of heat transfer ,a theoretic
substance is proposed and designated as
black body.
Black body is defined as body that radiates
maximum possible amount of energy at a
given temperature.
 Cont..
⚫ Black surfaces are better emitters of heat
radiation than polished surfaces.

⚫ Further the term ‘black’ is nothing to do with

the colour of the body .

In theory , a black body is considered to be

an enclosed space with a small (negligible)
opening.
The temperature in the enclosed space should be
constant and uniform, because the amount of
energy escaping through a small opening is
negligible.

In practice , a convenient black body is made

from the tube of carbon.
 Cont..
⚫ Both the ends are plugged , with a small hole at
the centre of one end.
⚫ When viewed through this small hole , the inside
enclosed space (furnace) is considered as black
body, provided the temperature is uniform.
⚫ Similarly all objects within the furnace can be
considered as black bodies.
⚫ A good absorber of heat is a good
emitter too. Conversely a poor
absorber is a poor emitter.
 Rate of radiation:

⚫ Normally , hot bodies emit radiation. Stefan –

Boltzman law
gives the total amount of radiation emitted by a
black body.
q= bAT4
Where, q= energy radiate per
second.W(or J/s) A= Area of
radiating surface ,m2
T= Absolute temperature of the radiating
surface, K b= Constant, W/m2.K4
Kirchoff’s law :
This law establishes relationship between emissive power of
Cont..

⚫ E, emissive power of the body is the

radiant energy emitted from unit area
in unit time.
⚫ It states that , the ratio of emissive
power to the absorptivity is same for
all bodies in thermal equilibrium .’
⚫

E1 =

E2 α1
α2
E1 and
E2 =
Emissive
 Grey body

⚫ A grey body is defined as that body whose

absorptivity is constant at all wavelengths of
radiation at a given temperature.
⚫ Consider , a small cold body with surface area
of A and temperature of T2 is completely
surrounded by a hot black body at temperature
T1.
⚫ The amount of heat transferred in such a process is
expressed by Stefan law.

⚫ q= bA (T14 – T24)
 Heat exchanger
⚫ These are devices used to transferring heat
energy from one fluid(hot gas or steam) to
another fluid (liquid ) through a metal wall.
⚫ Heat exchanger can be classified on the
basis of :
⚫ 1. Type of fluid flow arrangement
⚫ 2. Method of heat transfer.
1. Type of fluid flow arrangement :
 Parallel fl ow heat exchangers
 Counter fl ow heat exchanger
 Cross fl ow heat exchangers.
 Parallel flow heat exchanger
⚫ It is also referred as cocurrent or parallel stream
exchanger.
⚫ The hot and cold fluid streams enter together at one
end, flow parallel to each other in the same direction,
and leave together at other end.
⚫ With parallel flow the temperature difference between
the two
fluid is large at the entrance end, but it becomes
small at the exit end .
⚫ The overall measure of the heat transfer driving force
, the log mean temp difference is less than for
counter flow, so the heat exchanger surface area
requirement will be larger than for counter flow heat
exchanger with same inlet and outlet temp for hot
and cold fluid.
 Counter flow heat exchanger

⚫ It is also known as counter current exchanger.

⚫ in this type hot and cold fluid flow parallel but
in opposite directions.
⚫ The hot fluid entering at one end of the heat
exchanger flow path and the cold fluid
entering at other end of the flow path.
⚫ Advantage:
⚫ It is thermodynamically superior to any
other flow arrangement.
⚫ It produces highest temperature change
in each fluid .
Cross flow heat exchanger
 Cont..
⚫ In cross flow type , one fluid flows perpendicular to
the second fluid , i.e one fluid flow through tube
and second fluid passes around the tube at right
angle.

⚫ Cross flow arrangement , mixing of either fluid

stream may or may not occur.

⚫ These heat exchanger are typically used for

heat transfer between a gas and a liquid .
 Classification of heat exchanger according to transfer process.
⚫ According to transfer process heat exchanger can
be divided into two major categories:
 Indirect contact type
 Direct contact type

I. Indirect contact type :

 These are also referred to as surface heat
exchanger.
In this type ,fluid streams remain separate , and
the heat transfer takes place continuously
through separating wall.
There are no direct mixing of the fl uid because
each fluid flows in separate fluid passages .
 Classification of indirect contact type
⚫ A. Direct transfer type
⚫ B. Storage type.
⚫ C. Fluidised bed exchanger

 A. Direct transfer type:

In this type, the hot and cold fluid flow
simultaneously through the device and heat is
transferred through a wall separating the fluids.
Examples are – Tubular , plate –type, and
extended surface
exchangers
 B. Storage type.
These are also referred as regenerative heat
 Cont..
⚫ This type of heat exchanger has a heat transfer surface
(flow passage) which is generally cellular in
structure and is referred to as Matrix or it is porous
solid material.

⚫ In this , both fluid flow alternatively through the

same flow passages.

⚫ When hot gas flows over the matrix, the thermal

energy from hot gas is stored in the matrix wall, and
thus hot gas is being
cooled during matrix heating period .

⚫ When cold gas flows through same matrix, the matrix

wall gives up thermal energy , which is absorbed by
  C. Fluidised bed exchanger
⚫ In fluidised –bed heat exchanger , one side of a
two-fluid exchanger is immersed in bed of
sand or coal particles.

⚫ At optimum fluid velocity , the bed particles

floats and the condition is referred to as
fluidized condition .

⚫ Under this condition very high heat transfer

coefficients are achieved.

⚫ Application: In drying, mixing, adsorption,

reactor engineering, coal combustion.
 II. Direct contact
type
⚫ Two fluids are not separated by a wall. The
heat transfer takes place between two
immiscible fluids like gas and liquid coming
into direct contact.
 Direct transfer type
⚫Direct transfer type heat exchangers are
widely used in industries. Two important
types
⚫ Types
⚫ A. Tubular heat exchanger
⚫ B. Plate heat exchanger

⚫ A. Tubular heat exchanger :

 Shell and tube exchanger
 Double pipe heat exchanger.
 A. Tubular heat exchanger
⚫ Shell and tube heater is the simplest form of
a tubular heater(heat exchanger).
 Shell and tube exchanger :
 Construction :
 Tubular heater consists of a bundle of parallel tubes
inside the cylindrical shell.
 Two distribution chambers,D1 and D2 are provided
at each end of the casing C.
 Fluid inlet is provided at chamber D2 and outlet at
D1.
 Steam or other vapour is introduced by
connection ,F.
 Provision for escape the non-condensable
Two fluids can exchange heat ,one fluid
flows over the outside of tube while second
fl uid fl ows inside tubes.
 Working :
⚫ Steam or any vapour is introduced through a steam
inlet F into space surrounding the tube.
⚫ The steam flows down the tubes. In this process,
the tube gets heated rapidly due to high value of
steam film coefficient.
⚫ The condensed vapour drain through condensed
outlet at G.
⚫ Non-condensable gases ,if any, escape through
vent K .
⚫ The fluid to be heated is pumped through the cold
fluid inlet H into distributing chamber D2.
⚫ The fluid flows through tubes.
⚫ The fluid in tube get heated due to heat transfer by
conduction through metal wall , followed by
stagnant layer and finally by convection. Thus
 Application :
⚫ Used in pharmaceutical petroleum –refining and
chemical industries as a steam generators,
condenser, boiler feed water heater.
⚫ Used in air conditioning and refrigeration
applications.

Advantages :
 They are most versatile exchangers , made from
variety of metal and non-metal material.
 The tubes are replaceable and can be cleaned
easily.
  Double pipe Heat Exchanger
⚫ These are simplest of all type of heat
exchangers.
⚫ They are made up of two pieces of pipe –one
inside the other.
⚫ On fluids flows through the inner pipe while
second fluid flows through annulus between
the pipes.
⚫ Flow insidedoublepipe heat exchanger can
be co- current or counter current.

⚫ Advantage :
⚫ They are inexpensive
⚫
 Disadvantage
⚫ They are difficult to clean
⚫ They are suitable only for
small sizes.
 Multipass Heater
⚫ In multipass heater, the velocity of fluid can be
increased, this causes increase in heat transfer
coefficient.
⚫ Liquid to be heated is passed through the tubes
several times before leaving equipment.
⚫ This facilitates the effective heat transfer. Therefore
multipass tubular heaters are superior to single pass
shell and tube heater.
⚫Construction –
⚫ It consist of number of parallel tubes.
⚫ The bundle of tube is wrapped in cylindrical casing.
⚫ Two distribution chambers are provided at each end of
casing. Since the heater is multipass, the same liquid
has to flow through several tubes back and forth.
Working -
⚫ The feed is entered into compartment A of
one of the head.
⚫ Then it is passed through tubes into
compartment B of other head.
⚫ Then fluid back through other set of
tubes to compartment C .
⚫ And finally leaves through
compartment I.
⚫ The fluid is diverted by using baffles. Since
heater is multipass, so same liquid has to
flow through several tubes back and forth.
Advantage:
⚫ Multipass tubular heaters are superior to
the single pass shell and tube heater.

⚫Disadvantages:
⚫ The fabrication of multipass heater
is more complicated .
⚫ The pressure drop through apparatus is
increased bcz of enhanced velocity of fluid
flow.
⚫ More number of exit and entrance points
increase the friction losses.
 B. Plate –type heat exchanger
⚫ A plate exchanger consists of a series of parallel
plates that are placed one above the other so as to
allow the formation of a series of channels for fluids
to flow between them.
⚫ The space between two adjacent plates forms the
channel in which the fluid flows.
⚫ Inlet and outlet holes at the corners of the plates
allow hot and cold fluids through alternating
channels in the exchanger so that a plate is always in
contact on one side with the hot fluid and the other
with the cold.
Plate type heat exchanger
 Application :
⚫ They are most common in dairy ,juice,
beverage,general food processing and
pharmaceutical industries.
⚫ Used in synthetic rubber industry, paper mill.

⚫ Advantage :
⚫ It has high value of overall heat transfer
coefficient.
⚫ Easy maintenance and cleaning.
⚫ There are no significant hot or cold spots in
exchanger.
 Heat interchanger
⚫ These are device used for transferring heat
energy from one liquid to another liquid or from
one gas to another gas through a metal wall.
⚫ In heat interchangers, the heating medium is hot
liquid. The liquid to be heated is a cold liquid.
⚫ The film coefficient can be enhanced by
increased by increasing velocity of flow.
⚫ But this is difficult from point of construction of
the device.
⚫ The Shell and tube exchanger and Double
pipe heat exchanger can be used as heat
interchanger.