Introduction to
Computer
Networking
Computer networking is the foundation of modern
communication and data sharing, enabling devices to
connect and interact with each other.
Network Topologies
Bus Topology Star Topology Ring Topology
A simple and cost-effective A centralized topology where all A topology where devices are
topology where all devices devices connect to a central connected in a closed loop,
share a single cable. hub, providing improved enabling data to flow in a single
performance and fault isolation. direction.
Network Protocols
Application Layer
The highest layer, responsible for user-facing applications and
protocols like HTTP, FTP, and SMTP.
Transport Layer
Handles reliable data transmission between applications, using
protocols like TCP and UDP.
Internet Layer
Manages the addressing and routing of data packets across
networks, using IP and ICMP protocols.
Network Access Layer
Responsible for physical transmission of data over the network
medium, using protocols like Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
Network Hardware
Routers Switches
Connect networks and forward data packets based on Connect devices within a local network, forwarding
their destination addresses. data packets to the correct destination.
Firewalls Servers
Protect networks from unauthorized access by filtering Store and process data, providing services to clients
incoming and outgoing network traffic. on the network.
Network Software
1 Operating Systems 2 Network
Management Tools
Provide the foundation
for network Allow administrators to
communication, monitor network
enabling devices to performance,
connect and interact troubleshoot issues,
with each other. and manage network
devices.
3 Security Software 4 Network Applications
Protect networks from Provide various
threats by detecting services, including
and preventing email, web browsing,
malicious activities. and file sharing,
enabling users to
connect and
Network Security
Firewalls Filter network traffic,
blocking unauthorized
access.
Intrusion Detection Monitor network traffic for
Systems (IDS) suspicious activities and
alert administrators.
Encryption Scramble data, making it
unreadable to
unauthorized users.
Anti-Malware Software Detect and remove
malicious software from
devices.
Wireless Networking
Wi-Fi Bluetooth Cellular Networks Satellite Networks
A common wireless A short-range wireless Provide wireless internet Offer internet access to
technology that enables technology used for access to mobile devices remote locations using
devices to connect to the connecting devices like using cellular towers. satellites orbiting the
internet. headphones, speakers, earth.
and keyboards.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Smart Homes 1
Connected appliances, lighting, and security systems,
enabling automation and remote control.
2 Smart Cities
Connected infrastructure, traffic management, and
environmental monitoring, improving efficiency and
Industrial IoT 3 sustainability.
Connected sensors, machines, and robots, enabling
real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and
optimized operations.
Future Trends in Computer Networking
5G Networks Cloud Computing Edge Computing
Ultra-fast and reliable wireless On-demand computing resources Data processing and storage at
connectivity, enabling new and services, accessed over the the edge of the network, closer
applications and experiences. internet. to users and devices.
Conclusion
Computer networking has revolutionized our world,
connecting people, devices, and information like never
before.
