UNIT 1

COMPUTER SYSTEMS
AND ORGANISATIO
N (ONE
SHOT)

CLASS XI COMPUTER
SCIENCE CODE
083
 SUBSCRIBE HAMARI ACADEMY ON

UNIT I – COMPUTER SYSTEM AND

YOUTUBE

ORGANISATION
●Basic Computer Organisation: Introduction to computer
system, hardware, software, input device, output device, CPU,
memory (primary, cache and secondary), units of memory (Bit, Byte,
KB, MB, GB, TB, PB)
●Types of software: system software (operating systems,
system utilities, device drivers), programming tools and language
translators (assembler, compiler & interpreter), application
software
●Operating system (OS): functions of operating system, OS
user interface
●Boolean logic: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, truth table,
De Morgan‘s
laws and logic circuits
●Number system: Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal
Introduction To Computer
System
• A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to
accept data (input), process it and generate result (output). A
computer along with additional hardware and software together
is called a computer system.

• A computer system primarily comprises a central processing

unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices and storage devices.
All these components function together as a single unit to deliver
the desired output.

• A computer system comes in various forms and sizes. It can

vary from a high-end server to personal desktop, laptop,
tablet computer, or a smartphone.
Components of a computer
system
.
Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
• It is the electronic circuitry of a computer that
carries out the actual processing and usually
referred as the brain of the computer.
• It is commonly called processor
• Physically, a CPU can be placed on one or more
microchips
called integrated circuits (IC).
• The Ics comprise semiconductor materials.
• The CPU is given instructions and data through
programs.
The CPU then fetches the program and data
from the memory and performs arithmetic and logic
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control
• The CPU has two main components –
Unit(CU).
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control
Unit (CU).
• ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic
operations that need to be done as per
the instruction in aprogram.
• CU controls sequential instruction execution,
interprets instructions and guides data flow
through thecomputer‘s memory, ALU and
input or output devices.
• CPU is also popularly known as
Input
• The devices through which control
Devices
signals are sent to a computer are
termed as input devices.
• These devices convert the input data
into a digital form that is
acceptable by the computer
system.
• Some examples of input devices
include keyboard, mouse,
scanner, touch screen, etc., as
shown in Figure
Output
• The device that receives data
Devices
from a computer system for
display, physical production, etc.,
is called output device.
• It converts digital information
into human understandable
form.
• For example, monitor,
projector, headphone, speaker,
printer, etc. as shown in
 HARDWA
• Hardware refers to the physical
RE
and visible components of the
system such as a monitor, CPU,
keyboard and mouse.
• Hardware is further divided
into four main categories:
▫ Input Devices
▫ Output Devices
▫ Secondary Storage Devices
▫ Internal Components
Computer
Memory
• A computer system needs memory to store
the data and instructions for processing.

• Whenever we talk about the ‗memory‘ of a

computer system, we usually talk about the
main or primary memory.

• The secondary memory (also called storage

device) is used to store data, instructions
and results permanently for future use.
Primary
• Primary memory is an essential component
Memory
of a computer system. Program and data are
loaded into the primary memory before
processing.
• The CPU interacts directly with the primary
memory to perform read or write operation.
• It is of two types viz.

(i) Random Access Memory (RAM)

(ii) Read Only Memory (ROM).
RAM (Random Access
Memory)
• RAM is volatile, i.e., as long as the power is
supplied to the computer, it retains the data in
it. But as soon as the power supply is turned
off, all the contents of RAM are wiped out.
• It is used to store data temporarily while the
computer is
working.
• Whenever the computer is started or a software
application is launched, the required program and
data are loaded into RAM for processing.
• RAM is usually referred to as main memory and it is
faster
ROM (READ ONLY
• ROM is non-volatile, which means its
MEMORY)
contents are not lost even when the
power is turned off.

• It is used as a small but faster permanent

storage for the contents which are rarely
changed.

• For example, the startup program (boot

loader) that loads the operating system into
 Cache
•
Memory
Cache memory is a very high speed memory is placed
between the
CPU and the primary memory known as cache.

• It stores the copies of the data from frequently accessed

primary
memory locations, thus, reducing the average
time required to access data from primary memory.

• When the CPU needs some data, it first examines the

cache. In case the requirement is met, it is read from the
cache, otherwise the primary memory is accessed.
Secondary
Memory
• Primary memory has limited storage
capacity and is either volatile (RAM) or
read-only (ROM). Thus, a computer system
needs auxiliary or secondary memory to
permanently store the data or instructions
for future use.
• The secondary memory is non-volatile and
has
larger storage capacity than primary
memory.

• It is slower and cheaper than the main

 Units of
•Memory
A computer system uses binary numbers to store and
process data.
• The binary digits 0 & 1, are the basic units of memory,
are called
bits.
• Further, these bits are grouped together to form words.
A 4-bit word is called a Nibble. Examples of nibble are
1001, 1010, 0010, etc.
• A two nibble word, i.e., 8-bit word is called byte,
Example,
01000110, 01111100, 10000001, etc.
• Like any other standard unit, bytes are grouped
Units of
Memory
Data Transfer between
• Data are transferred between different
Memory and
CPU
components of a computer system using
physical wires called bus.
• Bus is of three types —
(i) Data bus to transfer data between different
components,
(ii) Address bus to transfer addresses between
CPU and main memory.
(iii) Control bus to communicate control signals
between different components of a
computer.
• All these three buses collectively make the
system bus.
• A data bus is bidirectional. But the control
 Data Transfer between Memory and
•CPU
To write data into memory, the CPU places
the data on the data bus, which is then
written to the specific address provided
through the address bus.
• In case of read operation, the CPU specifies
the address, and the data is placed on the
data bus by a dedicated hardware, called
memory controller.
• The memory controller manages the flow of
data into and out of the computer's main
memory.
Microprocessors
• In earlier days, a computer's CPU used to occupy a
large room or multiple cabinets.
• With advancement in technology, the physical size of
CPU has reduced and it is now possible to place a
CPU on a single microchip only.
• A processor (CPU) which is implemented on a single
microchip is called microprocessor.
• Microprocessor is a small-sized electronic component
inside a computer that carries out various tasks
involved in data processing as well as arithmetic and
logical operations.
• These days, a microprocessor is built over an
integrated circuit comprising millions of small
Microprocessors
• Microprocessors have evolved over time in terms of
their increased processing capability, decreasing
physical size and reduced cost. Currently available
microprocessors are capable of processing millions of
instructions per millisecond.
Microprocessor
Specifications
• Microprocessors are classified on the basis of
different features which include chip type, word size,
memory size, clock speed, etc.
(A) Word Size
• Word size is the maximum number of bits that a
microprocessor can process at a time. Earlier, a word
was of 8 bits, as it was the maximum limit at that
time. At present, the minimum word size is 16 bits
and maximum word size is 64 bits.
(B) Memory Size
• Depending upon the word size, the size of RAM
varies. Initially, RAM was very small (4MB) due to 4/8
bits word size. As word size increased to 64 bits, it
has become feasible to use RAM of size upto 16
Microprocessor
Specifications
(C) Clock Speed
• Computers have an internal clock that generates
pulses (signals) at regular intervals of time. Clock
speed simply means the number of pulses generated
per second by the clock inside a computer. The clock
speed indicates the speed at which the computer can
execute instructions. Earlier, it was measured in
Hertz (Hz) and Kilohertz (kHz). But with
advancement in technology and chip density, it is now
measured in Gigahertz (GHz), i.e., billions of pulses
per second.
Microprocessor
Specifications
(D) Cores
• Core is a basic computation unit of the CPU. Earlier
processors had only one computation unit, thereby
capable of performing only one task at a time.
• With the advent of multicore processor, it has
become possible for the computer to execute
multiple tasks, thereby increasing the system’s
performance.
• CPU with two, four, and eight cores is called dual-
core, quad-core and octa-core processor,
respectively.
Softwar
• The software comprises a set of instructions which on
e:execution deliver the desired outcome.
• Some examples of software include operating
systems like Ubuntu or Windows 7/10, word
processing tool like LibreOffice or Microsoft Word,
video player like VLC Player, photo editors like
GIMP and LibreOffice draw.
• A document or image stored on the hard disk or pen
drive is
referred to as a soft-copy.

•
Need of
Software
• The sole purpose of a software is to
make the computer hardware useful
and operational.
• A software knows how to make different
hardware components of a computer work
and communicate with each other as well
as with the end-user.
• We cannot instruct the hardware of a
computer directly. Software acts as an
Types of
software:
• Depending on the mode of interaction with
hardware and functions to be performed, the
software can be broadly classified into three
categories viz.
(i) System software
(operating systems, system utilities, device
drivers)
(ii) Programming tools
(assembler, compiler & interpreter)
(iii) Application software
(General Purpose Software, customised Software)
System
Software
• The software that provides the basic functionality to
operate a computer by interacting directly with its
constituent hardware is termed as system software.
• A system software knows how to operate and use
different hardware
components of a computer.
• It provides services directly to the end user, or to some
other
software.

• Examples of system software include operating

systems, system utilities, device drivers, etc.
A. Operating
System
• The operating system is a system software that
operates
the computer.
• An operating system is the most basic system
software,
without which other software cannot work.
• The operating system manages other
application programs and provides access and
security to the users of the system.
• Some of the popular operating systems are
Windows,
B.System
• Software used for maintenance and configuration of
Utilities
the
computer system is called system utility.

• Some system utilities are shipped with the

operating system for example disk defragmentation
tool, formatting utility, system restore utility, etc.

• Another set of utilities are those which are not

shipped with the operating system but are required
to improve the performance of the system, for
example, anti-virus software, disk cleaner tool, disk
compression software, etc.
C. Device
• The purpose of a device driver is to ensure
Drivers
proper functioning of a particular
device.

• The device driver acts as an interface

between the device and the operating
system.

• It provides required services by hiding the

details of operations performed at the
Programming
Tools
• We need to give instructions to computer to get the
desired
outcome.
• Computer languages are developed for writing these
instructions.
• It is important to understand here that computers and
humans understand completely different languages.
• While humans are able to write programs in high-level
language,
computers understand machine language.
• There is a continuous need for conversion from high
Level to
(A) Classification of Programming
Languages
Low-level languages :
• Low-level languages are machine dependent
languages and
include machine language and assembly language.
• Machine language uses 1s and 0s to write
instructions which
are directly understood and executed by the
computer.

• writing a code in machine language is difficult as

one has to remember all operation codes and
machine addresses. Also finding errors in the code
(A) Classification of Programming
Languages
Assembly languages :
•To simplify the writing of code, assembly
language was developed that allowed usage
of English-like words and symbols instead of
1s and 0s.

• One major drawback of writing a code in

this language is that the code is computer
specific, i.e., the code written for one
type of CPU cannot be used for another
type of CPU.
(A) Classification of Programming
Languages
High level languages :
• High level languages are machine independent and are simpler to
write code
into.

• Instructions are using English like sentences and each high

level language follows a set of rules, similar to natural
languages.

• These languages are not directly understood by the computer.

• Translators are needed to translate high-level language codes

into machine
language.
(B) Language
• As the computer can understand
Translators
only machine language, a translator
is needed to convert program
written in assembly or high level
language to machine language.
• The program code written in
assembly or
high-level language is called source
code.

• The source code is converted

by a translator into the
Types of language translator
As we have different types of computer
languages, different translators are needed to
convert the source code to machine code.
The three types of translators used in
computing systems are
• Assembler,
• Compiler
• Interpreter.
Assembler
• The translator used to convert the code
written in assembly language to
machine language is called assembler.

• Each assembler can understand a

specific microprocessor instruction set
only and hence, the machine code is not
 Compil
•er
Compiler is a translators that convert codes
written in high level language (source code) to
machine understandable form (machine code)
for execution by the computer.
• It takes whole code at once and convert it into
machine
code.
Or
• A compiler is system software that converts
source code written in a programming language
into another computer language
Interpreter
• Interpreter is a translators that convert
codes written in high level language
(source code) to machine
understandable form (machine code)
for execution by the computer.

• Interpreter interprets program line-

by-line, which means it translates one
(C) Program Development
Tools
• Editor - An editor is a software that allows us to create
a text file where we type instructions and store the file
as the source code.

• Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a

software consisting of text editor, building tools and
debugger. A program can be typed, compiled and
debugged from the IDE directly Python IDLE,
Netbeans, Eclipse, Atom, Lazarus are
few other examples of IDEs

• Debugger, as the name implies, is the software to

detect and correct
Application
Software
• Application software is a type of computer
program that performs a specific personal,
educational, and business function.

• Each program is designed to assist the user with a

particular process, which may be related to
productivity, creativity, and/or communication

• There are again two broad categories of application

software
1. General purpose
2. customized application software.
(A) General Purpose
Software
• The application software developed for generic
applications, to cater to a bigger audience in
general are called general purpose software. Such
ready-made application software can be used by
end users as per their requirements.

• For example, spreadsheet tool Calc of LibreOffice

can be used by any computer user to do calculation
or to create account sheet.
• Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, Mozilla web browser,
iTunes, etc.,
fall in the category of general purpose software.
(B) Customised
Software
• These are custom or tailor-made application
software, that are developed to meet the
requirements of a specific organization or an
individual.

• They are better suited to the needs of an

individual or an organization, considering that
they are designed as per special requirements.
• Some examples of user-defined software include
websites,
school management software, accounting
Operating
• An operating system (OS) can be considered to
System
be a resource manager which manages all the
resources of a computer, i.e., its hardware
including CPU, RAM, Disk, Network and other
input-output devices.

• It also controls various application software and

device drivers, manages system security
and handles access by different users. It is the
most important system software.
• Examples of popular OS are Windows, Linux,
Functions of Operating
A. Process Management
System
 While a computer system is operational, different tasks are
running
simultaneously.

• A program is intended to carry out various tasks.

• A task in execution is known as process.

• It is the responsibility of operating system to manage these

processes and
get multiple tasks completed in minimum time

• Hence process management concerns the management of

multiple processes, allocation of required resources, and
exchange of information among processes.
(B) Memory
• Primary or main memory of a computer
Management
system is usually limited. The main task
of memory management is to give
(allocate) and take (free) memory from
running processes.

• Hence, memory management concerns

with management of main memory so that
maximum memory is occupied or utilized
by large number of processes while
keeping track of each and every location
within the memory as free or occupied
(C) File
• Data and programs are stored as files
Management
in the secondary storage of a computer
system. File management involves the
creation, updation, deletion and
protection of these files in the
secondary memory.

• File management system manages

secondary memory, while memory
management system handles the main
D. Device
• A computer system has many I/O
Management
devices and hardware connected to it.
Operating system manages these
heterogeneous devices that are
interdependent.
• The operating system interacts with the
device driver and the related
software for a particular device
• Devices also need security measures and
their access to different devices must be
restricted by the operating system to the
authorized users, software and other
OS User
Interface
• There are different types of
user interfaces each of
which provides a different
functionality.

• Some commonly used

interfaces are shown in
Figure
(A) Command-based
• Command-based interface requires a user to enter
Interface
the commands to perform different tasks like
creating, opening, editing or deleting a file, etc.
• The user has to remember the names of all such
programs
or specific commands which the operating system
supports.

• The primary input device used by the user for

command based interface is the keyboard.
• Examples of operating systems with command-
(B) Graphical User
• Graphical User Interface (GUI) lets users run
Interface
programs or give instructions to the
computer in the form of icons, menus
and other visual options.
• The input devices used to interact with
the GUI commonly include the mouse
and the keyboard.

• Examples of operating systems with GUI

interfaces include Microsoft Windows,
 (C) Touch-based
•Interface
Today smartphones, tablets and PCs allow
users to interact with the system simply
using the touch input.Using the
touchscreen, a user provides inputs to
theoperating system, which are interpreted by
the OS as commands like opening an app,
closing an app, dialing a number, scrolling
across apps, etc.

• Examples of popular operating systems with

touchbased interfaces are Android and iOS.
(D) Voice-based Interface
• Modern computers have been designed to address the needs of
all types of users including people with special needs and
people who want to interact with computers or smartphones
while doing some other task. For users who cannot use the input
devices like the mouse, keyboard, and touchscreens, modern
operating systems provide other means of human-computer
interaction.
• Users today can use voice-based commands to make a
computer work in
the desired waY.

• Some operating systems which provide voice-based control to

users include iOS (Siri), Android (Google Now or ―OK Google‖),
Microsoft Windows 10 (Cortana) and so on.
(E) Gesture-based
• Some smartphones based on Android and
Interface
iOS as well as laptops let users interact
with the devices using gestures like
waving, tilting, eye motion and shaking.

• This technology is evolving faster and it

has promising potential for application
in gaming, medicine and other
areas.
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