Wireless Communication:

Beyond 5G & 6G
 Content
 Present status
Wireless Scenario
Heterogeneous structure
 5G communication
Industry 4.0
 6G Communication

X. Fang, W. Feng, Y. Chen, N. Ge and Y. Zhang, "Joint Communication and Sensing Toward 6G: Models and Pot
of Using MIMO," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 4093-4116, 1 March, 2023

2 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Introduction
Growing number of user
 Popularity of wireless communication
 Reachability, Mobility, Portability
 At Anytime in Anywhere with Anyone for Anything
 Number of mobile user is increasing rapidly
 Cross 749 crores (113 crores in India) worldwide by 2025
 Demand of high QoS (QoE) is growing continuously
 High speed Internet (Instagram, twitter, Whatsapp, AR/VR)
 Un-buffering Multimedia video (Youtube, BlueRay)
 Uninterrupted Video conference (online class, WFH)
 Availability of service (Public safety, emergency services)
 Easy E-Commerce (online transactions, shopping)
 Industry 4.0 (autonomous services, robotics)
 Quick Browsing
X. Qiao, Y. Huang, S. Dustdar and J. Chen, "6G Vision: An AI-Driven Decentralized Network and
 Others Service Architecture," in IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 33-40, 1 July-Aug. 2020
World population: 788 crores
3 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 Network Infrastructure
5G & Beyond PE

IP/GMPLS
Access
OLT
Holographic Telepresence
PE PE ONU

OLT
SWT OLT OLT
eNBNetworked Data Center
MIMO
OTN
SDN Applications
OLT
Multidomain BW and
eNB PON
Network slicing
OLT
eNB
DWDM Ring Augmented Reality/
OLT
Virtua Reality
OLT
CRAN eNB

ROADM
OLT
Picocell Relay

PON
5G-NR
RRH RRH 5G-NR
Femtocell 5G-NR
Macrocell Microcell Massive
MIMO
CoMP OLT mmWave
HetNet
RRH
eNB

4 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Evolution of Wireless Networks
Generation wise: Starting to present
Task Beginning Present Status
Technology 2G Digital Circuit 5G Digital, packet Distributed
Femtocell

switched switched Antennas

Throughput 8 kbps 10 Gbps

Microcell
Delay 30 ms less 1 ms Client
Relay

Wired Network
BER 10-3 10-8

Backhaul
BW 200 KHz 100 MHz WLAN
Picocell

Number of antenna Single Many

Mobile Picocell
Sharing Individual Cooperation PAN

Frequency Fixed Flexible

Relay
Femtocell
Subscriber Few Many
Wireless Access
Energy Not energy efficient energy efficient Microcell Wireless backhaul
Wired backhaul

5 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Cellular network
Throughput
Throughput Occupied Peak Average Cell Edge Raw Peak/
Format Bandwidth (single user) (10 users/cell) (10 users/cell) Edge ratio
GSM (1slot) (10 users, 1 MHz 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 1
freq. reuse = 4)
GPRS (4 slots) 4 MHz 81.6 kbps 50 kbps 36.2 kbps 2.3
Edge (4 slots) 4 MHz 236.8 kbps 70 kbps 36.2 kbps 6.5
UMTS (Rel-99) 5 MHz 384 kbps 100 kbps 30 kbps 12.8
HSDPA (Rel-5) 5 MHz 3.6 Mbps 250 kbps 80 kbps 45
HSDPA (Rel-7) 5 MHz 42 Mbps 350 kbps 120 kbps 350
HSDPA (Rel-8) 10 MHz 84 Mbps 800 kbps 240 kbps 350
LTE (Rel-8) 4×4 20 MHz 300 Mbps 5.34 Mbps 1.6 Mbps 187
LTE (Rel-13) FD-MIMO CA for 32 carrier 25 Gbps 5 Gbps 1 Gbps -
LTE (Rel-17) FD-MIMO CA 50 Gbps 5 Gbps 1 Gbps -

6 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Base Station
Different types
Technology Types of BS Transmit Power Coverage area Mobility BW
Cellular Macrocell 130 W 1 km High Based on different
standards, 200 kHz
Microcell 56 W 50 m Medium (GSM) to 100 MHz
Picocell 6.8 W 20 m Low (LTE-Advanced CA)
Femtocell 10 mW 10 m Very low
Relay 10 mW 10 m low
Attocell 5mW 1m Static
WiMAX 802.11e 130 W 1 km High 1 MHz
802.11m 130 W 1 km High 1 MHz
WLAN 802.11ac 10 mW 100 m low 80 MHz
Bluetooth 802.15 1 mW 1m Static 1 MHz
UWB 802.15 1 mW 1m Static 500 MHz

7 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Radio Propagation
Mechanism
 Reflection
 Propagation wave impinges on an object which
is large as compared to wavelength
• - e.g., the surface of the Earth, buildings, walls, etc.
 Diffraction
 Radio path between transmitter and receiver
obstructed by surface with sharp irregular edges
 Waves bend around the obstacle, even when
LOS (line of sight) does not exist
 Scattering
 Objects smaller than the wavelength of the
propagation wave
• - e.g. foliage, street signs, lamp posts

8 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Wireless Channel
Main Characteristics
 Pathloss
 It is a distance dependent loss
• Can be calculated
• More distance, more loss
 Shadowing
 Loss due to large obstacle
• High rise building etc
 Fading
 Most dangerous: can not predict
Received
 Use distribution function to overcome it power level

9 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Fading
Multipath

Transmitted Signal

Received
Signal

10 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Wireless Communication System
Spectrum Allocation & Standards
Spectrum Allocation
 Cellular
 900 MHz
 LTE: 1800-2100 MHZ
 WiFi
 2.4, 5 GHz, 60 GHz
 WiMAX
 3-10 GHz
 5G
 Sub 6 GHz, 24.25GHz, 52.6GHz
 mmWave
 30-60 GHz

11 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 RAN

WLAN 40 km
1-2 km
MAN IEEE
802.22
IEEE

Network Types
(5GHz) LAN 802.16
33 IEEE
m 2 802.11b
 IEEE 802.15.1: WPAN / Bluetooth 0 20-
IEEE
802.11a
PAN
 IEEE 802.15.2: Coexistence m 50
 2.4 GHz Band WiM
AX WiFi
Ho m 1
me Bluet
0 IEEE
 IEEE 802.15.3: High Rate WPAN/UWB RF ooth
1
m 802.15
 2,4 to 2,4835 GHz 10 Mbps 2.4
 IEEE 802.15.3-2003 54 Mbps GHz 2.4
 14 overlapping channels  IEEE 802.15.3a 11 Mbps GHz
5
 3 channels without overlapping  IEEE 802.15.3b-2006 Maximum Mbps GHz
2.4
data rate
20
 transmitted power max. 100 mW  IEEE 802.15.3c-2009 Mbps
GHz
3.5

 5 GHz Band  IEEE 802.15.4: Low Rate WPAN/RFID GHz, 5

54 -862
GHz
 WPAN Low Rate Alternative PHY
(4a) MHz
 5.15 – 5.725GHz
 Revision and Enhancement (4b)  IEEE 802.15.5: Mesh Networking
 19 channels without overlapping  PHY Amendment for China (4c)  IEEE 802.15.6: Body Area Networks
 transmitted power max. 1000 mW  PHY and MAC Amendment for Japan
 IEEE 802.15.7: Visible Light
 60 GHz Band (4d)
 MAC Amendment for Industrial Communication
 57 to 71 GHz Applications (4e)  IEEE P802.15.8: Peer Aware
 6 channels each of them occupy  PHY and MAC Amendment for Active Communications
2160 MHz of space and provide 1760 RFID (4f)  IEEE P802.15.9: Key Management
MHz of bandwidth  PHY Amendment for Smart Utility
Protocol
Networks (4g)
 Use beamforming  IEEE P802.15.10: Layer 2 Routing

12 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Wireless Performance Metric
How to measure?
 Coverage  Capacity
 expected percentage of area within a  Average capacity
cell that has received power above a  Optimal capacity
given minimum  Truncated capacity
 Outage probability  Traffic
 Outage means received power falls  Blocking probability
below the threshold  Trunking Efficiency
 BEP, Average BEP  Grade of service
 Bit-Error-Probability
 Based on different fading distribution

13 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Quality parameters
QoS, QoE, QoX
 Classes of service (CoS)  Grade of Service (GoS)
 Elastic non-interactive, Elastic interactive, Non-  connection set up delay, probability
elastic non-interactive (streaming), Non-elastic
interactive (also called conversational or real- of end-to-end blocking, delay in
time), symmetrical and asymmetrical traffic authentication, and probability of
 Quality of Service (QoS) breaking an active connection (forced
 a set of service requirements to be met by the or unpredictable tear down).
network while transporting a flow  Mean opinion Score (MoS)
 Rate, BER, SNR, delay, BW, delay, jitter, and
packet loss
 Quality of Resilience (QoR)
 Resilience, i.e., network survivability against
failures

14 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Quality of Experience
QoE
 The overall acceptability of an application or  Users are likely to accept some
service, as perceived subjectively by the end-
user
quality degradation of the service
 The overall QoE evaluation is additionally  if it is free but would be strongly
affected by disappointed if they have to pay for
 environmental, psychological, and sociological such a service and, what follows, will
factors, including user expectations and give up the service.
experience with similar services, other opinions,
pricing policies, features of the particular location
where the service is received, etc.
 Side factors
 independent of the service type, e.g., user profile
(occupation, education level, age, etc.) or pricing
policy for the service (free, pre-paid, post-paid).

15 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Questions
 How many ways does signal  Factors to measure the
degrade in wireless performance of wireless
communication? communication

 Name the different spreads  QoE depends on what factors?

 Name the different types of cells

16 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 • Capture and use the context
• QoE and resources efficiency

Wireless Standard • Utilisation of telecom and IoT Big Data

• Device to device
• Spectrum Sensing

Evolution 1995 2000 2005

• Split data and control radio network
2010 Can work witharchitecture
different 2014
frequencies• Multi cell cooperation
2020
Mobility

CDMA based Support upto 600 Mbps

• Massive MIMO
Data rate: 20 Mbps Use multiple
• antennas
Full duplex
BW: 5 MHz LTE
Frequency: 900/1800 MHz Rel 12 & Beyond
Digital TDMA based
Digital TDMA based
High Data rate: 30 kbps
Data rate: 250 kbps
BW: 200 KHz BW: 200 KHz LTE
(Upto 350 km/h)
Frequency: Frequency:
900/1800 MHz 900/1800 MHz Advanced Cognitive Radio
3G Ev
3G

6G
2.5G OFDMA based Vehicular
1G 2G
HSDPA Data rate: 50 Mbps
Wimax Comm
WCDMA Wimax
GSM GPRS CSMA/OFDMA based BW: 5/10 MHz
802.16m
AMPS CDMA200
CDMA 802.16e Frequency: 3 GHz 60 GHZ
Medium Data rate: 100 Mbps
(Vehicular) Analog FDMA BW: 5/10 MHzCDMA TechnologyOFDMA based Support Mobility
Wimax
Data rate: 300 kbps
Frequency: 2.4 GHz Data rate: 50 Mbps

5G
Data rate: 10 kbps 802.16d WLAN

4G
BW: 1.44 MHz
BW: 5/10 MHz
BW: 20 KHz 802.11ac/ad
Low power device Frequency: 1900/2110
Frequency: MHz
3 GHz
Frequency:
Passive800
tagMHz Low power device
Use for monitoring WLAN
Low Used for automatic identification Use for monitoring
Use ISM band,802.11a/b/g
low range WLAN
Adhoc
(Pedestrian) Use ISM band 802.11n
M2M
Many nodes using WiFI,
RFID Bluetooth sensor are corodinate and
form MANET, even cellular
Static Zigbee Sensor BS also

14.4 Kbps 144 Kbps 384 Kbps  50 Mbps  100 Mbps 1 Peak Data Rate
Gbps
17 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 5G Communication
Objectives
5G Objectives 5G architecture themes
 It is expected that the connected devices will reach  Flexibility & Scalability
20 billion, with 5 billion smartphone users in 2023  5G New Radio
 Wide used for internet of things  Fiber like performance
 Incorporation of small cell  5G is multi-RAT

 Dense/Heterogeneous network  Network function virtualization

 Software based: core and RAN
 Various services
 Use of Cloud
 Real-time video
 Network Slicing
 Data with high mobility
 Self-contained, independent network partition including all
 Video conferences
segments: core, radio, transport, edge
 Type of traffic  Multi-domain, multi-tenant
 Moving towards high volume service  Programmable network
 Virtual reality/Augmented reality,
 Flexible orchestration of network resource and
 others
infrastructure: RAN, core, transport

18 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 5G Communication
Introduction
5G Expectations 5G Application domains
 Capacity: 1000x (2020 vs 2010)  ultra-reliable low latency communication (uRLLC),
 Data rate:  massive machine type communication (mMTC)
 enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)
 50 Gbps for low mobility users (50 x 4G)
 5 Gbps for high mobility user
 1 Gbps anywhere
 Latency
 < 1 ms
 1/10 of 4G
 Low energy consumption
 1000x energy efficiency

19 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 enhanced Mobile Broadband
Bit rate Ca
p
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nc s/s y D
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L m 109 z/ sit
10 6 km y
1 2

eMBB

s/km 2 ity
eMBB
10 7
10 3

Spec its/s/Hz
user n Dens
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 The aim of eMBB is to provide higher bandwidth with

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 eMBB delivers high bandwidth connections to a days

multitude of connected devices, even under heavy

network data traffic.
 For 5G target throughput is up to 20 Gbps in downlink
channel (i.e. from a base station to user equipment). T
 o meet this requirement new frequency bands are
needed for 5G to form channel with bandwidth of up to
1 GHz
20 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 massive Machine Type Communication
Bit rate Ca
p
y bits/s bit acit
nc s/s y D
ate s /H en
L m 109 z/ sit
10 6 km y
1 2

mMTC

s/km 2 ity
107 10 3

Spec its/s/Hz
user n Dens
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days

 The 5G mMTC service category helps ensure city

resources are connected. 5G mMTC services are
specially designed for IoT systems.
 The 5G mMTC use case of IoT-based smart
cities supports small data packets, uplink center
transmission, sporadic transmission, and power
optimization
21 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications
Bit rate Ca
p
y bits/s bit acit
nc s/s y D
ate s /H en
L m 109 z/ sit
10 6 km y

uRLLC
1 2

s/km 2 ity
107 10 3

Spec its/s/Hz
user n Dens
10
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availability.
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 Has the potential to provide up to 99.999%

days

reliability, with latency measured in single-digit

milliseconds, depending on use case requirements
 Examples include public safety, remote
diagnosis/surgery, emergency response,
autonomous driving, industrial automation, and
smart energy and grid.
22 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 5G Requirements Bit rate
Ca
Specifications
bits/s p
nc
y b i t a ci t
te s/s y D
La ms 109
/ H en
z / s it
km y
10 6
 Need to support
2
1
eMBB 107

s / km 2 i t y
10 3
10

Spec ts/s/Hz
user n Dens
diverse applications 10
0
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tral E
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23 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Key Enabling Techniques
Physical Layers Adv. channel coding

 Access perspective
TDMA, OFDMA, NOMA
 BS perspective Scalable OFDM

Different sizes, different type, different RAT

 Transmission perspective Microcell
Femtocell

Multi-user, multi-service, multi-provider

 Antenna perspective
Multi-antenna, Multiple array, Massive array
Flexible slot-based framework

24 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Wireless Network Technologies
Recent developments
 LTE, LTE Advanced, 5G & 5G Advanced
 Massive MIMO for macro and small cell
 Millimeter wave technology: 60 GHz
 M2M, V2X: device centric architecture
 Dense small cell deployment
 Small cell cooperation (interference reduction)
 Hyper-cellular architecture: separation of control & user plan
 Network virtualization
 Core network: SDN, Slicing, Edge, MEC
 Access network: C-RAN
 Backhaul network: flexible backhauling, combination of wired and wireless network and their
interoperability
25 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 LTE (Long Term Evolution)
3GPP
 LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the project  The main objectives for LTE.
name of a new high performance air  Increased downlink and uplink peak data
interface for cellular mobile rates.
communication systems  Scalable bandwidth
 Developed by 3GPP  Improved spectral efficiency
 It is the successor to 3G UMTS and HSPA  All IP network
 LTE and its derivatives are the candidate  A standard’s based interface that can
of IMT standard support a multitude of user types.
 LTE Rel 8 as IMT-2000  LTE networks are intended to bridge the
 LTE-Advanced as IMT-Advanced, 4G functional data exchange gap between
 LTE-Rel 15 as 5G very high data rate WLAN and very high
 LTE-Rel 18 as 5G Advanced mobility cellular networks
26 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
3GPP’s 5G evolution tentative time plan June 2022

July 2020

June 2019
Release 14
• Mission critical
enhancement June 2017
• Vehicle to everything
(V2x)
• IoT
• Radio improvement
• System Improvement
• Introduction of 5G

27 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
Key Ideas
 All the users are served at the same time,  Consider the following two
frequency and code scenarios
 If one user only needs to be served
 Users with better channel conditions get less power
with a low data rate, e.g. sensors.
 Successive interference cancellation is used at the • The use of OMA gives the sensor
more than it needs
receivers
 If one user has a very poor channel
condition
• The bandwidth allocated to this user
via OMA is not used efficiently.
 Supports high system throughput,
low latency & massive
connectivity
• Y. Saito, A. Benjebbour, Y. Kishiyama, and T. Nakamura, “System level performance evaluation of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA),” in PIMRC 2013.
• Z. Ding, Z. Yang, P. Fan and H. V. Poor, "On the Performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access in 5G Systems with Randomly Deployed Users”, IEEE SPL, 2014.

28 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Cognitive Radio
Utilize Spectrum
 Cognitive radio has been proposed to
utilized spectrum holes or unused SENSE AWARE

spectrums Cognitive Radio

 The intelligence of cognitive radio lies on Software Defined Radio

the three basic functions: LEARN ADAPT

 the ability to sense about the outside
environment
 the capacity to learn Radio
environment
 the capability to adapt within any layer of the Action:
Transmitted signal
RF stimuli

radio communication system Spectrum holes, Spectrum

Noise floor statistics
Sensing
 Functionalities Spectrum
Decision
Traffic statistics Interference
temperature

Awareness, Intelligence, Learning, Adaptivity, Spectrum

Reliability, Efficiency, Reconfigurability Channel capacity

Analysis

• Use software defined radio

Haykin, Simon. "Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications." IEEE journal on selected areas in communications 23.2 (2005): 201-220. Transmitter Receiver

29 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Questions
 What are the different types of 5G  How many antennas are there in
communication? massive MIMO?

 What is the full form of NOMA?  What is full dimension MIMO?

 What is cognitive radio?

30 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Today’s IT Scenario
BUZZ words

SMART GRID

TELEPORTATION

DATA ANALYTICS

ARTIFICIAL
Augmented & Virtual INTELLIGENT
REALITY
HOME AUTOMATION
31 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 Industry Revolution
1.0 to 4.0

4. Industrial revolution
Based on cyber-physical-systems

3. Industrial revolution

Level of complexity
Through the use of electronics and IT further progression in
autonomous production

2. Industrial revolution
Introducing mass production lines powered by electric energy

1. Industrial revolution
Introducing mechanical production machines powered by water and steam
Industry 1.0 Industry 2.0 Industry 3.0 Industry 4.0
End of the Beginning of the Beginning of the Today
18th century. 20th century 1970 Source: DFKI/Bauer IAO

32 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Did not exist earlier
In 2006

 iPhone Jun, 2007  Android Sept, 2008

 iPad Apr, 2010  Oculus Mar, 2016

 Kindle Nov, 2007  Instagram Oct, 2010

Dec, 2009 July 2011

 4G  Snapchat
May 2011 Jan, 2009
 Uber  Whatsapp
Nov 2017 Mar, 2006
 Airbnb  Twitter
33 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 Industry 4.0
How Important it is?
Time to reach 100 Million customers

 Telephone 75 Years
Invented in 1876

 Web 7 Invented
Years in 1991

 Facebook 4 Invented
Years in 2004

 Instagram 2 Invented
Years in 2010

 Pokemon GoInvented in 2016 1 Month

34 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 Cyber Physical Systems
Description
 A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a
system of collaborating computational Control
elements controlling physical entities.
 CPS are physical and engineered

Ph
r
systems whose operations are

be

ysi
Cy

cal
 monitored, coordinated, controlled and Information

n
integrated by a computing and

tio

ng
a

puti
communication core.

nic u
Systems

Com
m
 They allow us to add capabilities to

m
Co
physical systems by merging computing
and communication with physical
processes
35 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 Industry 4.0
Building Blocks
Simulation

Big data Autonomous

analytics Robots

Horizontal and
Augmented
reality Industry 4.0 vertical system
integration

Industrial
Cyber Security Internet of
Things

Additive Mfg

36 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Emerging Services
In recent years
 Virtual reality/Augmented reality (VR/AR)
 Teleportation (Holographic way, 5-sense)
 Integrated Terrestrial and Space (Near to space)
 High-Precision Service
 Introduction of Industrial revolution 4.0 (Cyber physical system)
Control, communication & computing
 Autonomous V2X

37 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

Key Features of Beyond 5G

38 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 6G Ambitions

Spirant 6G
39 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 New Services:
Best Effort to Guaranteed to High Precision

40 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 New User Experience:
Senses, Throughput and Latency

41 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 KPIs (Key Performance Indicators)
5G vs 6G
KPIs 5G 6G KPIs 5G 6G
Maximum
1 GHz 100 GHz Area Traffic Capacity 10 Mb/s/m2 1 Gb/s/m2
Bandwidth
Peak Data Rate 20 Gb/s >= 1 Tb/s Connection Density 106 devices/Km2 107 devices/Km2
Experienced
0.1 Gb/s 1 Gb/s Latency 1 ms 10 to 100 µs
Data Rate
Jitter Not specified 1 µs
3 times that of 4G, 5 to 10 times that of 5G
Peak spectral Peak spectral efficiency: Reliability or FER
Spectrum 1 x 10-5 1 x 10-9
efficiency: 30 b/s/Hz 60 b/s/Hz (Frame Error Rate)
Efficiency
Experienced spectral Experienced spectral
efficiency: 0.3 b/s/Hz efficiency: 3 b/s/Hz Mobility 500 Km/h >= 1000 Km/h

Network Energy
Uniform user 50 Mb/s, 2D 10 Gb/s, 3D
Efficiency or Not Specified 1 pJ/b
experience everywhere everywhere
Energy per bit
Localization accuracy 10 cm in 2D 1 cm in 3D

42 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Possible 6G Architecture
Cell to Cell-free

43 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 B5G/6G Candidate Technologies
Intelligent
Reflecting Optical
OTFS/ Surface wireless
Sensing & Comm
Comm VLC/LIFI/FS
O

Cell free
Massive Pervasive AI
MIMO
B5G/6G
Candidate
Technologies
XR/Senses
THz Comm
Holographic

Blockchan
UAV/LEOs
DLTs
Quantum
Comm

44 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 New Services
Beyond 5G

45 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Holographic Communication
Virtual 3D presence
 Holographic communication refers to real-time capturing,
encoding, transporting and rendering of 3D representations.
 It requires
 A flexible, scalable, and resilient platform to support the technology
 Novel and socially acceptable XR devices (such as glasses)
 A simple, attractive, and robust solution that is accessible and intuitive to all

 It maintains the three principal steps to bring an image to life

 Capture and pre-processing: The process of creating a measurable 3D representation of an object,
person, or environment, and cleaned to remove any redundant points or noise to reduce the data size.
 Data compression and transmission: For real-time services, holographic communication will need to
bring data rate requirements to be transported over wireless networks.
 Reconstruction and visualization: Decoding and rendering of the transferred 3D stream in real-time, so
that the experience can be recreated for a given viewpoint in the remote location.

46 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Haptic Communication
between humans and virtual objects
 It is teleoperation technology which consider all forms of
interactions involving the sense of touch,
including interactions between humans and virtual objects in the virtual
world or the tele-operated machines in the physical world
 The information conveying the sense of touch in such interactions
is referred to as haptic information

47 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Immersive Communications
to have life-like experiences
 Immersive communications as a communication
paradigm along with the supporting technologies that
allow users to have life-like experiences in the physical
world, the virtual world, or both, with interactions via
3D audiovisual and/or haptic information exchange.

Xuemin (Sherman) Shen et al. , Toward immersive communications in 6G , Front. Comput. Sci., 11 January 2023 Sec. Networks and Communications Volume 4 - 2022

48 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Molecular Communication
Targeted Drug Delivery
 Molecular Communication (MC), uses molecules for
communication between transmitter and receiver
 Steps Involved
 Sense the amount of drug required
 Inform the receiver using signalling molecules
• Bit-1  Send molecule
• Bit-0  Send no molecule
 Deliver drug based on information received
 Binding and unbinding of signalling molecules occur at
the receptors of the receiver
 Applications
 Lab-on-a-Chip devices
 Cell-on-Chips devices, Point of Care Diagnostic Chips, and
 Targeted
A. K. Shrivastava, DrugandDelivery
D. Das, R. Mahapatra (TDD)
S. P. Mohanty, "dMole: A novel transreceiver for mobile molecular communication using robust differential detection
techniques," IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 609 - 621, Oct. 2020
49 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 Tactile Internet
Internet of Senses
 Tactile Internet is the next evolution of the Internet of
networks, which integrated the real-time interaction of M2M
and human-to-machine (H2M) communication by adding a
new dimension of haptic sensations and tactile to this field
 Supports Extremely low latency in combination with high
availability, reliability and security

50 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Tactile Internet
Next Generation IoT
 The haptic domain presents several other challenges
including:
 (1) the selection of suitable haptic codecs to capture the
remote interactions,
 (2) the investigation of suitable coordination
mechanisms and interfaces for H2M communications
and suitable modalities for interactions, ensuring the
stability of haptic control loop,
 (3) the investigation of suitable area-based or
distributed sensing methods,
 (4) the investigation of methods for effective
multiplexing of multi-model (haptic, audio and visual)
sensory information, and
 (5) the design of novel performance metrics to
characterize the system performance.
S. K. Sharma, I. Woungang, A. Anpalagan and S. Chatzinotas, "Toward Tactile Internet in Beyond 5G Era:
Recent Advances, Current Issues, and Future Directions," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 56948-56991, 2020

51 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 AI as a Service
AIaaS
 Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS)
is the third-party offering of artificial
intelligence (AI) outsourcing.
 It enables individuals and companies to
experiment with AI for various purposes
without a large initial investment and
with lower risk.
 Benefits of AIaaS systems
 Quick deployment, Low- to no-code skills
required, Cost-savings, Scalability
 Popular types of AIaaS
 Bots, Data labelling, APIs
 Vendors
 AWS, Azure, IBM Watson, Google cloud
52 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G
 6G security solution landscape
6G MTC networks

Mahmood et al., Machine type communications: Key drivers and enablers towards the 6G era. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2021(1), 1-25.

53 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 AI-enabled intelligent 6G networks
optimize with a high level of intelligence
 AI has been utilized as a new
paradigm for the design and
optimization of 6G networks with
a high level of intelligence
 It is to realize knowledge
discovery, smart resource
management, automatic network
adjustment and intelligent service
provisioning,
 The architecture is divided into
four layers: intelligent sensing
layer, data mining and analytics
layer, intelligent control layer and
smart application layer
H. Yang, A. Alphones, Z. Xiong, D. Niyato, J. Zhao and K. Wu, "Artificial-Intelligence-Enabled Intelligent 6G Networks," in IEEE Network, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 272-280, November/December 2020

54 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Joint Sensing & Communication
Sharing of the frequency bands
 Sharing of the frequency bands between radar and communication systems
 avoid under-utilization of otherwise permanently allocated spectral resources, thus improving efficiency.
 Share the hardware platform as well as the frequency band, as this not only decongests the
spectrum,
 but also benefits both sensing and signaling operations via the full cooperation between both
functionalities.
 the same signal is used to communicate information to a receiver and to perform radar
detection and estimation operations for a nearby target

55 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 New Trade-off
Performance vs Societal

56 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G

 Question
 How many types of communication  Full form of OTFS?
techniques were discussed?

 5 senses means?  What is tactile internet?

57 Wireless Communication: Beyond 5G & 6G