1
IP Addressing
• IP Addressing is Logical Addressing
• It works on Network Layer (Layer 3)
• Two Version of Addressing Scheme
• IP version 4 – 32 bit addressing
• IP version 6 – 128 bit addressing
•
2
IP version 4
• What is BIT ?
Bit is a value that will represent 0’s or 1’s (i.e. Binary)
01010101000001011011111100000001
• 32 bits are divided into 4 Octets known as Dotted
Decimal Notation
First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth
Octet
01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001
3
IP version 6
• 128-bit address is divided along 16-bit boundaries,
and each 16-bit block is converted to a 4-digit
hexadecimal number and separated by colons
(Colon-Hex Notation)
FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210
This discussion is out of the scope of CCNA
4
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Taking Example for First Octet :
Total 8 bits, Value will be 0’s and 1’s
i.e. 28 = 256 combination
27 2 6 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 Total
Total IP
IP Address
Address RangeRange
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 00 .. 00 .. 00 .. 00
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 to
to
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
5
IP Address Classes
• Total IP Addressing Scheme is divided
into 5 Classes
• CLASS A
• CLASS B LAN & WAN
• CLASS C
• CLASS D Multicasting & Newsgroups
• CLASS E Research & Development
6
Priority Bits Concept
• To identify the range of each class
we will be using Priority Bit Concept
• Priority Bit is the left most bits in the First Octet
• CLASS A priority bit is 0
• CLASS B priority bit is 10
• CLASS C priority bit is 110
• CLASS D priority bit is 1110
• CLASS E priority bit is 1111
7
CLASS A Range
For Class A range reserved first bit in
first octet,the value of that bit should not change.
0xxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 1 Class AA Range
Class Range
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 2 00 .. 00 .. 00 .. 00 to
to
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 3 127.255.255.255
127.255.255.255
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 4 Exception
Exception
0.X.X.X and
0.X.X.X and 127.X.X.X
127.X.X.X
network are
network are
reserved
reserved
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 127
8
CLASS B Range
For Class B range reserved first two bit in
first octet,the value of that bit should not change.
10xxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 129 Class BB Range
Range
Class
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 130
128. 00 .. 00 .. 00
128.
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 131
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 132 to
to
191.255.255.255
191.255.255.255
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 191
9
CLASS C Range
For Class C range reserved first three bit in
first octet,the value of that bit should not change.
110xxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 = 193 Class CC Range
Range
Class
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 = 194
192. 00 .. 00 .. 00
192.
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 = 195
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 = 196 to
to
223.255.255.255
223.255.255.255
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 = 223
10
CLASS D Range
For Class D range reserved first four bit in
first octet,the value of that bit should not change.
1110xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 = 225 Class D
D Range
Range
Class
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 = 226
224. 00 .. 00 .. 00
224.
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 = 227
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 228 to
to
239.255.255.255
239.255.255.255
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 = 239
11
CLASS E Range
For Class E range reserved first four bit in
first octet,the value of that bit should not change.
1111xxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx. xxxxxxxx
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 = 241 Class EE Range
Range
Class
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
240. 00 .. 00 .. 00
240.
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 = 243
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 = 244 to
to
255.255.255.255
255.255.255.255
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
12
Octet Format
• IP address is divided into Network & Host Portion
• CLASS A is written as N.H.H.H
• CLASS B is written as N.N.H.H
• CLASS C is written as N.N.N.H
13
CLASS A – No. Networks & Host
• Class A Octet Format is N.H.H.H
• Network bits : 8 Host bits : 24
• No. of Networks
= 28-1 (-1 is Priority Bit for Class A)
= 27
CLASS A
= 128 – 2 (-2 is for 0 & 127 Network)CLASS A
= 126 Networks 126 Networks
126 Networks
&
&
• No. of Host 16777214 Hosts/Nw
16777214 Hosts/Nw
= 224 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 16777216 - 2
= 16777214 Hosts/Network
14
CLASS B – No. Networks & Host
• Class B Octet Format is N.N.H.H
• Network bits : 16 Host bits : 16
• No. of Networks
= 216-2 (-2 is Priority Bit for Class B)
= 214
CLASS BB
CLASS
= 16384 Networks
16384 Networks
16384 Networks
• No. of Host &&
= 65534
216 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID &65534 Hosts/Nw
Hosts/Nw
Broadcast ID)
= 65536 - 2
= 65534 Hosts/Network
15
CLASS C – No. Networks & Host
• Class C Octet Format is N.N.N.H
• Network bits : 24 Host bits : 8
• No. of Networks
= 224-3 (-3 is Priority Bit for Class C)
= 221
CLASS CC
CLASS
= 2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks
2097152 Networks
• No. of Host &&
= 254 Hosts/Nw
254 Hosts/Nw
28 – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 256 - 2
= 254 Hosts/Network
16
Network & Broadcast Address
• The network address is represented with all bits as
ZERO in the host portion of the address
• The broadcast address is represented with all bits as
ONES in the host portion of the address
• Valid IP Addresses lie between the Network Address
and the Broadcast Address.
• Only Valid IP Addresses are assigned to hosts/clients
17
Example - Class A
Class A : N.H.H.H
Network Address :
0xxxxxxx.00000000.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
0xxxxxxx.11111111.11111111.11111111
Class A
Class A
10.0.0.0
10.0.0.0 Network Address
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.3 Valid IP Addresses
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.254
10.255.255.255
10.255.255.255 Broadcast Address
18
Example - Class B
Class B : N.N.H.H
Network Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000.00000000
Broadcast Address :
10xxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111.11111111
Class B
Class B
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.0 Network Address
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.1
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.2
172.16.0.3
172.16.0.3 Valid IP Addresses
172.16.255.254
172.16.255.254
172.16.255.255
172.16.255.255 Broadcast Address
19
Example - Class C
Class C : N.N.N.H
Network Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.00000000
Broadcast Address :
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.11111111
Class CC
Class
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0 Network Address
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.1
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.3
192.168.1.3 Valid IP Addresses
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.254
192.168.1.255
192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address
20
Private IP Address
• There are certain addresses in each class of IP
address that are reserved for LAN. These addresses
are called private addresses.
• They can be used for: home & office networks, ATM
machines, networks not connected to Internet.
Class AA
Class
10.0.0.0 to
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
10.255.255.255
Class BB
Class
172.16.0.0 to
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
172.31.255.255
Class CC
Class
192.168.0.0 to
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
192.168.255.255
21
Subnet Mask
• Subnet Mask differentiates Network portion and Host
Portion
• Subnet Mask is been given for host Identification of
Network ID
• Represent all Network Bit Values with 1
• Represent all Host Bit Values with 0
22
Subnet Mask - Examples
Class A : N.H.H.H
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class A is 255.0.0.0
Class B : N.N.H.H
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class B is 255.255.0.0
Class C : N.N.N.H
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
Default Subnet Mask for Class C is 255.255.255.0
23
How Subnet Mask Works ?
IP Address : 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
192.168.1.1 =
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
AND TABLE
=======================================
AND TABLE
192.168.1.0 = AA BB CC
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
00 00 00
=======================================
00 11 00
Above Calculations is done with the Help 11of AND 00
Table.00
11 its inputs
The output of an AND table is only 1 if both 11 11 1.
are
For all other possible inputs the output is 0.
24
Subnetting
• Dividing a Single Network into Multiple Networks.
• Converting Host bits to Network Bits
i.e. Converting 0’s into 1’s
• Subnetting is also called as FLSM (Fixed Length
Subnet Mask)
• Subnetting can be done in three ways.
– Requirement of Network
– Requirement of Host
– Cisco / Notation
25
Scenario
ZOOM Technologies is having 100 PC
• Which Class IP addresses you will using in the
network ?
Answer : Class C.
• In ZOOM Technologies we have Five Departments
with 20 Pcs each
ZOOM Technologies – 192.168.1.0/24
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to
– CISCO 192.168.1.20
192.168.1.21 to 192.168.1.40
– FIREWALL 192.168.1.41 to 192.168.1.60
– SOLARIS 192.168.1.61 to 192.168.1.80
– TRAINING 192.168.1.81 to 192.168.1.100
26
Scenario (…continued)
• Administrator Requirement
Inter-department communication should not be
possible ?
Solution.
Allocate a different Network to each Department
i.e.
– MCSE 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.20
– CISCO 192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.20
– FIREWALL 192.168.3.1 to 192.168.3.20
– SOLARIS 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.20
– TRAINING 192.168.5.1 to 192.168.5.20
• In the above Scenario inter-department
communication is not possible.
27
Main Aim of Subnetting
Problem with the previous Scenario is :-
• Instead of 20 machine Broadcasting, you doing
broadcasting for 254 machine, Loss of bandwidth.
• More Wasting of IP addresses (Approximately 1000)
• Security
28
Power table
POWER TABLE
POWER TABLE
21 = 2 29 = 512 217 = 131072 225 = 33554432
22 = 4 210 = 1024 218 = 262144 226 = 67108864
23 = 8 211 = 2048 219 = 524288 227 = 134217728
24 = 16 212 = 4096 220 = 1048576 228 = 268435456
25 = 32 213 = 8192 221 = 2097152 229 = 536870912
26 = 64 214 = 16384 222 = 4194304 230 = 1073741824
27 = 128 215 = 32768 223 = 8388608 231 = 2147483648
28 = 256 216 = 65536 224 = 16777216 232 = 4294967296
29
Some Important Values
VALUES IN
VALUES IN SUBNET
SUBNET MASK
MASK
Bit
Bit Value
Value Mask
Mask
11 128
128 10000000
10000000
22 192
192 11000000
11000000
33 224
224 11100000
11100000
44 240
240 11110000
11110000
55 248
248 11111000
11111000
66 252
252 11111100
11111100
77 254
254 11111110
11111110
88 255
255 11111111
11111111 30
Requirement of Networks is 5 ?
Example – 1
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2 Req. of Subnet
= 23 – 2 5 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 8–2
= 6 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 25 – 2
= 32 – 2
= 30 Hosts/Subnet
31
HELP
Example – 1 (Continued…)
• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert 3 = Bits to Network Bits
Host
If you convert 3 Host Bits to Network Bits
255. 6255.
Subnet &255.
30 224
Hosts/Subnet
6 Subnet & 30 Hosts/Subnet
11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11100000
Customize Subnet
Customize Subnet Mask
Mask
32
64
12
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.224
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.31 x
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.32 to
to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.63 MCSE
MCSE
..
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.64 to
to 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.95 CISCO
CISCO
..
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.95
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.96 toto 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.127 FIREWALL
FIREWALL
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.128 to
192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.159 SOLARIS
SOLARIS
Valid Subnets
192.168.1.128 192.168.1.159
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.160 to
to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.191 TRAINING
TRAINING
192.168.1.160 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.192 to
to 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.223 Future Use
Future
Use
192.168.1.192 192.168.1.223
192.168.1.224 192.168.1.255 x 32
Requirement of Networks is 14 ?
Example – 2
Class C : N.N.N.H
110xxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
Class C : 192.168.1.0
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2 Req. of Subnet
= 24 – 2 14 (-2 is for First & Last Subnet Range)
= 16 – 2
= 14 Subnet
• No. of Host
= 2h – 2 (-2 is for Network ID & Broadcast ID)
= 24 – 2
= 16 - 2
= 14 Hosts/Subnet
33
HELP
Example – 2 (Continued…)
• Customize
If youSubnet Mask
convert 4 = Bits to Network Bits
Host
If you convert 4 Host Bits to Network Bits
255. 255.
14 Subnet &255.
14 240
Hosts/Subnet
14 Subnet & 14 Hosts/Subnet
11111111. 11111111. 11111111. 11110000
Customize Subnet
Customize Subnet Mask
Mask
8
64
32
16
12
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.240
• Range of Networks
Network ID Broadcast ID
Subnet Range
Subnet Range
192.168.1.0 – 192.168.1.15x
192.168.1.16
192.168.1.16 to 192.168.1.31
to 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.16 – 192.168.1.31
192.168.1.32
192.168.1.32 to 192.168.1.47
to 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.32 – 192.168.1.47
192.168.1.48
192.168.1.48 to
to 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.48 – 192.168.1.63
192.168.1.64 to
192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.80
192.168.1.80Valid Subnets
192.168.1.224 – 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.224
192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239
to 192.168.1.239
192.168.1.240 – 192.168.1.255x 34
Try to do the calculation ?
• Please replace the value of n from 1 to 8
and do the calculation ?
• No. of Subnet
= 2n – 2
= 21 – 2 = 22 – 2 = 23 – 2
= 24 – 2 = 25 – 2 = 26 – 2
= 27 – 2 = 28 – 2
35
36
