CHAPTER II

RELATED
LITERATURE
AND
 RELATED
LITERATURE
Is composed of discussions of
facts and principles to which the
present study is related. For
instance, if the present study deals
with drug addiction, literature to
be reviewed or surveyed should be
composed of materials that deal
with drug addiction.
 RELATED
LITERATURE
These materials are usually
printed and found in books,
encyclopedias, professional
journals, magazines, newspapers,
and other publications.
 RELATED
LITERATURE
 RELATED
LITERATURE
These materials are classified
as
1. Local, if printed in the
Philippines; and
2. Foreign, if printed in other
lands.
RELATED STUDIES

Studies, inquiries, or investigations

already conducted to which the
present proposed study is relate or has
some bearing or similarity. They are
usually unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, theses, and dissertations.
RELATED STUDIES
RELATED STUDIES

They may be classified as:

1. Local, if the inquiry was
conducted in the Philippines; and
2. Foreign, if conducted in
foreign lands
 Importance,
Purposes, and
Functions of
Related Literature
and Studies
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

A survey or review of related

literature and studies is very
important because such reviewed
literature and studies serve as a
foundation of the proposed study.
This is because related literature
and studies guide the researcher in
pursuing his research venture.
 Reviewed literature and
studies help or guide the
researcher in the following ways:
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

1. They help or guide the

researcher in searching for or
selecting a better research
problem or topic. By reviewing
related materials, a replication of a
similar problem may be found
better than the problem already
chosen. Replication is the study of
research problem already
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

2. They help the investigator

understand his topic for research
better. Reviewing related literature
and studies may clarify vague
points about his problem.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

3. They ensure that there will be

no duplication of other studies.
There is duplication if an
investigation already made is
conducted again in the same
locale using practically the same
respondents. This is avoided if a
survey of related literature and
studies be made first.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

4. They help and guide the

researcher in locating more
sources of related information. This
is because the bibliography of a
study already conducted indicate
references about similar studies.
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

5. They help and guide the

researcher in making his research
design especially in:
a. the formulation of specific
questions to be researched on;
b. the formulation of assumptions
and hypotheses if there should be any;
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

c. the formulation of conceptual

framework;
Conceptual
Framework
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

d. the selection and application

of the methods of research;
e. the selection and application
of sampling techniques;
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

f. the selection and/or

preparation and validation of
research instruments for gathering
data;

g. the selection and application of

statistical procedures;
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

h. The analysis, organization,

presentation, and interpretation of
data;
i. The making of the summary of
implications for the whole study;
j. The formulation of the
summary of findings, conclusions,
and recommendation; and
Importance, Purposes, and Functions
of Related Literature and Studies

6. They help and guide the

researcher in making comparison
between his findings of other
researchers on similar studies with
the end in view of formulating
generalization or principles which
are the contributions of the study
to fund of knowledge.
Characteristics of
Related
Literature and
Studies
 There are certain
characteristics of related materials
that make them of true value.
Among these characteristics are:
Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

1. The surveyed materials

must be as recent as possible.
This is important because of the
rapid social, economic, scientific,
and technological change. Findings
several years ago may be of little
value today because of the fast
changing life style of the people.
 There are exception, however.
Treatises that deal on universals or
things of more or less permanent
nature may be still be good today.
There are mathematical laws and
formulas and statistical procedures
that had been formulated a long,
long time ago which are being use
today with very, very little
improvement. This is also true with
natural and physical laws. Books
on these, though written a long
time ago, are still being cited
 Another exception is when a
comparison or contrast is to be
made between the conditions of
today and those of a remote past,
say ten or twenty years ago.
Naturally, literature and studies
about that remote past have to be
surveyed and reviewed.
Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

2. Materials reviewed must

be objective and unbiased.
Some materials are extremely or
subtly one sided, either political, or
religious, etc. Comparison with
these materials cannot be made
logically and validity. Distorted
generalizations may result.
Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

3. Materials surveyed must

be relevant to the study. Only
materials that have some bearing
or similarity to the research
problem at hand should be
reviewed.
Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies
4. Surveyed materials must
have been based upon
genuinely original and true
facts or data to make them
valid and reliable. There are
cases where fictitious data are
supplied just to complete a
research report (thesis or
dissertation). Of course, this kind
of deception is hard to detect and
Characteristics of Related
Literature and Studies

5. Reviewed materials must

not be few or too many. They
must only be sufficient enough to
give insight into the research
problem or to indicate the nature
of the present investigation. The
may also depend upon the
availability of related materials.
 Sometimes there is a paucity
of such materials. Ordinarily, form
ten to fifteen related materials re
needed for a master`s thesis and
from fifteen to twenty-five for a
doctoral dissertation depending
their availability, as well as their
depth and length of discussions.
 For an undergraduate thesis,
from five to ten may do. The
numbers, however, are only
suggestive and not imperative nor
mandatory. These are only the
average numbers observed from
theses and dissertation surveyed
by this author.
Sources of
Related
Literature
and Studies
 The sources of related
literature and studies may include
the following:
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

1. Book, encyclopedias, almanacs,

and other similar references.

2. Articles published in professional

journals, magazines, periodicals,
newspapers, and other publications.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

3. Manuscripts, monographs,
memoirs, speeches, letters, and
diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and
dissertations.
5. The Constitution, and laws and
statues of the land.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

6. Bulletins, circulars, and orders

emanating from government
offices and departments,
especially from the Office of the
President of the Philippines and the
Department of Education, Culture
and Sports.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

7. Records from schools, public

and private, especially reports of
their activities.
8. Reports from seminars
educational or otherwise.
 Sources of Related
Literature and Studies

9. Official reports of all kinds,

educational, social, economic,
scientific, technological, political,
etc. from the government and
other entities.
Where to Locate
the Sources of
Related
Literature
and Studies
Where to Locate the Sources of
Related Literature and Studies

Generally, the sources of

related literature and studies are
located in the following places:
Where to Locate the Sources of
Related Literature and Studies

1. Libraries, either government,

school, or private libraries.
2. Government and private
offices.
More way to go, god bless to
us!☺