Overview
Look at the picture and say something
what message does it convey
What is globalization?
Globalization as a concept refers both to
the compression of the world and the intensification
of the consciousness of the world as a whole.
Roland Robertson
Globalization may be thought of as a
process … which embodies a
transformation in the spatial organization of
social relations and transactions …
generating transcontinental or interregional
flows and networks of activity, interaction,
and the exercise of power.
Globalization can be defined as ” the
increased interconnectedness and
interdependence of peoples and
countries. It is generally understood to
include two inter-related elements: the
opening of international borders to
increasingly fast flows of goods,
services, finance, people and ideas;
and the changes in institutions and
policies at national and international
levels that facilitate or promote such
flows.”
What do you think?
1. Is globalization new or old?
2. Is it a process or a condition?
3. Is globalization good or bad?
4. Is globalization really “global” or
inclusive of all people?
Globalization is
a relatively new
concept in the
social sciences.
According to the Oxford dictionary,
the word globalization was first
employed in the 1930.
It entered the Merriam-
Webster dictionary in
1951.
The noun appeared in
the Oxford English
dictionary in 1962
It was widely used by economists
and social scientists by the
1960s.
But three decades passed before
GLOBALIZATION was developed in
social sciences as a paradigm 1992
Roland
Robertson
Globalization involves twin processes:
• the physical process of
interconnectedness, or
‘compression’, which
A process has a very
implies that the world is
getting smaller long-term history given
that it refers to an
• the awareness that we as evolutionary process of
individuals have of our becoming rather than
relationship to the world an actual state of
as a single place. affairs.
These concepts need to be
understood
Globalism means a Globality is the end-
conscious process of state of globalization – a
globalization or a set of hypothetical condition
policies designed in which the process of
specifically to effect globalization is
greater global rather complete or nearly so,
than international barriers have fallen, and
interactions. "a new global reality" is
emerging.
GLOBALITY
• The term GLOBALITY signifies a future social
condition characterized by thick economic,
political, and cultural interconnections and
global flows that make currently existing
political borders and economic barriers
irrelevant.
Causes of Globalization
Technology
Rapid and sustained
technological innovation has
reduced the cost of transmitting
and communicating information
– sometimes known as “the
death of distance”
The growing
international economic
activities
The growth of MNC and TNCs
Outsourcing
Offshoring
Trade liberalization
Improved communication facilities
Improved transportation
What about the
consequences of
globalization?
Schema/Views of
Globalization
Hyperglobalists
Sceptics
Transformationalists
Hyperglobalists, also known as
global optimists, insist that
globalization is occurring now and local
cultures are being eradicated due to the
increase of international capitalism. They
believe that globalization is a positive
action (hence their given nickname ‘global
optimists’) because it is characterized by
economic uplift, high prosperity and the
spread of democracy.
The Sceptics insist that their
analysis of the nineteenth
century demonstrate that
instead of witnessing
globalization, the world is
going through
‘regionalization’; to organize
a country on a regional
basis.
According to their Transformationalist,
modern processes of globalization are
historically irrelevant as the
government and people across the
world believe that there is an absence
of clear distinctions between the global
and the local. In contrast to the
Sceptics and Hyperglobalists views,
Transformationalists have made no
claims as to the future of globalization,
nor do they vision our current
globalization as a version of a
‘globalized’ nineteenth century.
Schema of Globalization
Hyper-globalist Skeptics Transformationalists
Globalization defined … reordering of the … … reordering of inter-
as … framework of human internationalization regional relations and
action and regionalization action at a distance
Globalization driven … capitalism and … states and markets … combined forces of
by … technology modernity
Globalization results … a global civilization, … regional blocs, … great global
in … a global free market state-controlled interconnectedness
economy internationalization, and the
possible clash of transformation of
civilizations world political
institutions
Nation-state power is … declining or … reinforced or … reconstituted or
… eroding enhanced restructured
Source: Adapted from David Held et al. (1999:10)
Periods / Waves of
Globalization
Five waves of globalization
• The first wave of globalization is as old as
human civilization. For more than five
thousand years human beings from different
places have interacted, mostly through trade,
migration, and conquest.
• The second wave of globalization is closely
associated with the Western European
conquest of Asia, Latin America, and Africa
and the spread of capitalism to these areas.
• The third wave of globalization, which began around
1870 and declined around 1914, was marked by
breakthroughs in technological development, the
global production of primary commodities as well as
manufactured products, and mass migration.
• The fourth wave of globalization, from 1945 to 1980,
was spurred by the retreat of nationalism and
protectionism and the strengthening of
internationalism and global cooperation, led by the
United States. The removal of trade barriers was
selective, but institutions – such as the World Bank,
the International Monetary Fund, and the General
Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) – were formed to
encourage global trade and development.
• The fifth wave of globalization, which is the
current period, is characterized by
unprecedented interdependence among
nations and the explosive growth of powerful
actors.
ASPECTS or
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic Political
Technological Military
Cultural Criminal
Environmental
These aspects are all interconnected!
Forms of Globalization
• Economic Globalization • Political globalization is
may be defined as the the proliferation of
intercontinental international and
exchange of products, regional organizations
services, and labor. composed of states and
Multinational the spread of non-state
corporations have been political actors.
instrumental in
globalization of both
production and
distribution networks.
Forms of Globalization
• Environmental • Criminal globalization is
globalization refers to the intercontinental
the interdependence of spread of global crime
countries to work and its impact on
together to solve governments and
environmental individuals.
problems.
Forms of Globalization
• Military globalization is • Cultural globalization
characterized by refers to the spread of
extensive as well as one culture across
intensive networks of national borders
military force that
operate internationally.
The global scholars and
the elephant
And so these men of Indostan Exceeding stiff and strong,
Disputed loud and long, Though each was partly in the
Each in his own opinion right
And all were in the wrong!
Thank you!
