COMMUNICATION FOR NURSES:

WRITING BASIC PATIENT NOTES

LESSON 1
 Concept Grounding

Watch the video from

https://youtu.be/GxumhC3C1ss?si=QnF6yftub2Wqv
Ntx
Remembe
r Patient notes record the assessment of the
patient’s condition before, during, and after the
treatment; hence, these notes can be classified
as initial notes, interim or progress notes, and
discharge notes.
Initial notes refer to the first or earliest
assessment, interim or progress notes refer to
the assessment reports done in order to monitor
the condition of the patient, and discharge
notes are reports given once medication is
discontinued or the patient is released from the
hospital.
 SOAP format is one way of organizing
patient notes.
S ubjective (assessment given by the family member or
patient itself)
O or other medical reports)
bjective (assessment seen by you or reflected in laboratory

A ssessment (diagnosis)
P lan (procedures to be done to address the diagnosis )
COMMUNICATION
FOR JOURNALIST:
WRITING A LEAD

L E SS O N 2
 CONCEPT GROUNDING

Writing the opening paragraph of a news article or the lead is one

of the most challenging tasks. The manner of presenting the lead
may dissuade the readers from the entire news article.
Perhaps, a traditional way of opening a news article is using the
summery lead or the straight lead( presenting the W’s and the H).
Other types of lead include question lead, quotation lead, funny
lead, anecdotal lead and descriptive lead.

Whatever type of lead you decide to use, remember to:

1. Emphasize the most important details;
2. Be specific and concise; and
3. Use active verbs as much as possible.
Journalists know they typically have one paragraph to
grab readers. Writers in newsrooms frequently joke
that any information after the first paragraph is lost,
because no one reads past the first paragraph. That
puts a lot of pressure on knowing how to write a lead.

LEAD
A lead or an (intro) is the beginning paragraph for a
story. It is the hardest part to write as it sets the tone
and introduces the reader to the rest of the story
CONCEPT GROUNDING

Writing the opening paragraph of a news article or the

lead is one of the challenging tasks. The manner of
presenting the lead may dissuade the readers field
reading the entire news article.
Perhaps, a traditional way of opening a news article is
using the summary lead or the straight lead(presenting
the W's and the H). Other types of lead include
question lead, quotation lead, anecdotal lead and
descriptive lead.
Whatever type of lead you decide to use remember to:
• Emphasize the most important details.
• Be specific and concise
• Use active verbs as much as possible
TIPS ON HOW TO WRITE A LEAD
BE HONEST
A lead headline and lead paragraph on "sex lives of the rich and
famous" might have grabbed more attention on this article, but
that's not what the article is about. Using "click bait" leads only
angers readers who may never visit your site again,
PROVIDE INFORMATION
Journalists attempt to answer as fast as possible the following
questions: who, what, when, where, and how. Also answer "why,"
although that's not always possible. Get to the important
information as fast as possible. For example, an article about a
shooting on 7th Avenue should not start with a description of that
day's weather.
TIPS ON HOW TO WRITE A LEAD
SHORT IS BETTER.
Long-winded lead paragraphs result in people clicking on something that
gets interesting faster.

KEEP IT SIMPLE
Let the facts speak for themselves without the needless adornment of
adjectives or (especially) adverbs.

WRITE IN ACTIVE VOICE

Use active verbs. Writing "a grizzly bear chased four campers through
the forest" is better than "four campers were chased by a grizzly bear."
Also, use precise language. If it's a grizzly bear, use "grizzly bear," not
just "bear" or "animal."
TIPS ON HOW TO WRITE A LEAD
USE PYRAMID STYLE
Pyramid style requires putting important, new Information at the top of
an article, then using subsequent paragraphs to provide details.

THE FIVE W'S AND H

• Who?
• What?
• When?
• Where?
• Why?
• How?
 TYPES OF LEAD
QUESTION LEAD

Many editor dislike question lead on the

basis that people read newspaper to get
answer, and not to be asked question.
But, if the question is provocative, it may
be used as a lead.
Example
 TYPES OF LEAD

QUOTATION LEAD

Quotes frequently are the essential

documentation for a lead and should be
used immediately after a paraphrase
that summarizes then.
Example
TYPES OF LEAD

DESCRIPTIVE LEAD
A descriptive lead describes how
an event happened rather than
simply telling what the event is
about
Example
TYPES OF LEAD

GAG (FUNNY) LEAD

A journalist who writes a funny
story put up the saddest face in a
newsroom, Journalistic humor
requires the skilled and practice
 Example

Gag Lead
• Here is how an AP reporter wrote when a
woman broke her leg trying to climb out of a
locked London public toilet:
LONDON-What's a lady do when trapped in a
loo
 TYPES OF LEAD
ZINGERS
A zinger lead works on occasion. Typically, it should contain
an end that is unexpected given the sentence's beginning.
Examples: "The Wall Street trader lit a cigar and talked about
the days when he dreamed of no longer living in a box." Or:
"The Grand Dame of the socialite set stood before the room
at the Ritz Carlton, covered in deer blood."
Example
 TYPES OF LEAD
CONTEXTUAL LEADS

These don't always scan as well with readers, but

journalists use them to put information into context. For
example: "After years of debate and argument over how
and when to raise taxes that will fund a new roof at Smith
Elementary School, the school board took one small step
forward Tuesday by deciding when to hold the meeting at
which they will finally make a decision."
 TYPES OF LEAD
SCENE SETTING

Interview articles with famous people sometimes begin

with a scene-setting few paragraphs that give the
reader detail on how this person lives. For example, if
Tom Cruise has a room full of vintage accordions,
that's an interesting place to start.
Example
 TYPES OF LEAD
ANECDOTAL LEAD

The Anecdotal lead is used when the anecdote is

bright and applicable and not too wasteful of space.
Example
 LESSON 4

COMMUNICATION FOR
TEACHERS:
STORYTELLING
As future teachers, it is essential that you
hone your craft in leadership and teaching.
You need to be able to use the language
when you explain, describe, retell ,
interpret, plan, and give instructions and
feedback. You need a good command of
them to communicate effectively in various
activities like listening to stories, sharing
information, following directions, solving a
problem in a conversation, and the like.
30
 One of the responsibilities of teachers is
stimulating their students’ imaginations and
understanding of the world. One approach that is
commonly used is storytelling. Stories, according to Aiex
(1988), play significant roles in students’ growth and
through these, they would learn to appreciate literature.
Storytelling is a powerful way of communicating
and conveying emotions by improvisation or
embellishment. It is the art of using language, voice,
movements, and gestures in order to reveal images and
elements of the story to an audience. This is often used
by teachers, parents, and professionals to elaborate or
convey messages, to entertain, to educate, and to
preserve culture.
Reasons why storytelling is recommended
as a strategy for teaching:
1. Cooter (1991) and Bla (1998) forwarded that the
excitement and drama of storytelling provide a
context that holds students’ attention. Stories are
used to motivate, create an immense interests,
attracts listeners, and promotes communication.
2. Stories are an enormous language treasure.
Storytelling is one of the oldest art of telling
morals and thousands of these stories have been
created and passed down. Many old stories are
regarded as the models of language levels and age32
groups can find suitable stories to read and tell.
Reasons why storytelling is recommended
as a strategy for teaching:
3. Storytelling provides a lively atmosphere and a real
life environment that encourages the students to
participate. When they listen to stories, they easily
can plunge into the plots and scenes and identify
themselves among the characters.

33
B U S I N E SS
COMMUNICATIO
N &TRADE
LESSON 5
 Business Communication is the sharing of information
between people within an enterprise that is performed for
the commercial benefi t of the organization. In additional,
business communication can also refer to how a company
shares information to promote its product or services to
potential consumers.
Business Trade means a written communication provide by
BSEF to each Participant involved in a Trade containing the
economic terms of the Trade agreed by the Participants on
the SEF operated by BSEF.
 DEFINITION & RELEVANCE

A SWOT analysis or a SWOT matrix is a diagram that

show that shows an organizations or person's key
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
Doing this type of analysis, any organization,
corporation, or company can innovate or adapt new
ways or strategies to put itself better in the corporate
world.
INTERNAL FACTORS VS
EXTERNAL FACTORS

1. Internal factors-are things that we can control. An

example is when workers in a company spend time and
eff ort on fi xing computer crashes. As a solution to this
problem, the employees could be trained or better
software could be purchased.
2. External factors are things we cannot control. For
example, is infl ation rate of goods due to government
regulations.
BENEFITS OF SWOT ANALYSIS

01 SWOT analysis identify any company or organization's ca pa bi l i ti es a nd

resources. Moreover, they also provide a look on the organi zati on's competi ti ve
environment.
02 Ba sed on the result of SWOT analysis, the company can crea te a better
marketing strategy.

03 A SWOT analysis can create a new venture or new opportuni ti es for the compa ny
especially the ones that are not yet explored.

04 This can be an aid for the managers and directors reduce threa ts by
understanding their company's current weaknesses.

05
Thi s can be used by the people i n a company as a planning techni que.

06 Individuals who like to develop their careers can do SWOT ana l ysi s for i t
i dentifi es their skills, opportunities, and abilities.
 HOW TO MAKE SWOT ANALYSIS
1. Make sure that the analysis heads to the right path or direction by
defining your objective. If you study focuses on what matters, this well
eventually provide you a right strategy.
2. Focus on the internal and external factors.

A. Strengths. Identify the things that do better in your company rather

than the competition. Are the familiar to your products or brand? What
is your competitive advantage? Which one from your internal resources
is doing best or the one that excels in all aspects of intellectual property
or human resources?
 HOW TO MAKE SWOT ANALYSIS
B. Weakness. In what areas are your competitors outclassing your
company? What holds your business back? Are there any things you can
avoid? Does your business lack something? Or weakness? For example,
it may not have enough suitably- skilled workers. This is an area that
you can control.
C. Opportunities. Opportunities can help your company grow. Can you
turn any changes in technology, laws, or society, for example, into an
opportunity? Consumer today are more aware of an interested in the
quality of life.
D. Threats. Are there obstacles stopping your company from growing?
What are these rules, regulations, or technology that impede your
business? Some aspects are society may also represent obstacle. Is
inflation rate a threat to the business?
 MATRIX
SWOT ANALYSIS OF A COFFEE SHOP

Strengths Weakness

• Close to universities and public • No experience in operating a

transport. business.
• Cheaper product off ered other • Lack of funds for the start-up of
that popular brands. the business..
• Ambiance is good for study and • Less popularity compared to well-
leisure. known brands.
• Growing demand by diff erent • Staff s to be trained for
markets for coff ee shops. operations.

Opportunities Threats

• New products and services are • There are lots of popular coff ee
off ered for expansion of the shops.
market. • There are also competition with
• Brand franchising is also an other coff ee shops also starting-
opportunity to expand business. up.
• Co -branding or strategic alliance • Market tastes are changing.
with other fi rms. • Price for coff ee beans and other
• Diverse target market. supplies may increase.
 LESSON 6
WRITING BUSINESS AND
TECHNICAL REPORT
A Report is a comprehensive document that covers all
aspects of the subject matter of study. It presents results
of an experiment, investigation, research or an inquiry to
a specific audience.
 Business and Technical Report
Classification Types Parts

Formal Progress Reports • Cover Page

Informal Sales Reports • Title Page
Personnel Evaluation • Table Of Contents
Feasibility Reports • List Of Illustrations
Literature Review • Executive Summary
Credit Reports • Main
Informational Reports Body/Findings/Discussion
Analytical Reports s
Recommendation • Conclusions
Reports • Recommendations
Research Reports • References/Sources
Case Study Analysis • Appendices

44
 TYPES OF FORMAL REPORTS
Type Characteristics Examples

• Provides data, facts, feedback,

and other types of information
without analysis or
Informational recommendations • Results of a research on the rise
reports • Presents an update of an of HIV patients
operation, an information or
status of a current research so
readers can understand a
particular problem or situation.

• Explanation of what causes a

phenomenon.
• It goes beyond just presenting • Presentation of the results of a
results. traffic study showing accidents
• Analytical reports present at an intersection -the report
results, analyze those results, explains what it means.
Analytical and draw conclusions based on • Explanation of the potential
Reports those results. It attempts to results of a particular course of
describe why or how something action.
happened and explains what It • Suggestion which option, action,
means. or procedure is best.
• Report writing on monthly
budgets, staff absentees and so
 TYPES OF FORMAL
REPORTS
Type Characteristics Examples

• This type advocates a

particular course of action.
This usually presents the • using treatment X is more
results and conclusions that efficient than treatments Y and
Recommendati support the recommendations. Z. However, that does not
on reports What should one do about a mean that you will use
problem? • Can a team do treatment X as cost and other
something? • Should one considerations might
change techniques, methods, recommend treatment Y.
technology, or do something
else?

• Writing a report on some

Research • Most widely used report product development. Report
Reports usually in university levels. writing for your competitor's
activities.

CASE STUDY • Widely used in university level

ANALYSIS • Includes real life examples competitions.
REPORTS
 Parts of the REPORTS
Language
Parts of the Brief
Contents Characteristi
report Description
cs

• Name of the report in all caps (e.g. FINAL

REPORT) Receiver's name, title, and
organization Team name and team members
• Name of the
Title page Date submitted (month/date/year) The author/s, • Factual
report
and their association/ organization. No page
number on title page (page 1 is executive
summary)

• Show the beginning page number where each

report heading appears in the report (do not put
page number range, just the first page
Table of • What you find number).
• Factual
contents in the report • Connect headings to page numbers with dots.
• Headings should be grammatically parallel
Include major section headings and sub-
headings No page number on TOC page

• Factual, use
• Should be no longer than one page.
of third
Executive • A summary of • It provides the key recommendations and
person, use
Summary the report conclusions, rather than a summary of the
of passive
 Parts of the REPORTS

Parts of Brief Language

the report Description Contents Characteri
stics

• Briefly describe the context.

• Identify the general subject matter. • Factual,
• Background • Describe the issue or problem to be reported use of
, problem, on. third
Introductio approach, • State the specific questions the report person,
n definition of answers. use of
special • Outline the scope of the report (extent of passive
words used investigation) preview the report structure. verbs
Comment on the limitations of the report
and any assumptions made.

• For all types of research provide Goal for • Factual,

sach piece of research (what is your use of
• Methods or question/hypothesis?) third
Methods procedures • Data source For surveys give the number of person,
which led to surveys distributed, how was it distributed, use of
the findings how the population was chosen. passive
• For observations give how, when. and where verbs
the observations occurred
 Parts of the REPORTS
Parts of Language
Brief
the report Contents Characteristi
Description
cs

• The goal is to supply proofs for conclusions.

• Discuss, analyze, and interpret (don't just give results, also
say what they mean-particularly with benchmarking)
• Remember to report on all your research, including
interviews with client and personal observations (discuss in
• Results methodology too). Support your findings with new
• Factual, use
investigati evidence
of third
on, • Provide summary paragraph of key findings and their
Findings person, use
Research, significance at end of section.
of passive
and • Explain all graphs in writing.
verbis
calculation • Arrange the findings in logical segments that follow your
outline.
• Findings should be presented in the same order as
discussed in methodology.
• Use clear, descriptive headings.
• Present "just the facts", no opinions, and no feelings

• Transition
• Interpret and summarize the findings. signals such
• Say what they mean. as it seems
• Conclusion
• Relate the conclusions to the report issue/problem. that, the
drawn
Conclusion • Limit the conclusions to the data presented; do not results
from the
 Communication
for Employment:
The Application
Letter
LESSON 8
 A. What is an Application Letter?
Your application letter is generally the first thing your
prospective employers will see, and it should motivate
them to read your resume. It provides a positive
impression since it contains your claims that you have
the qualifications they are looking for.
An application letter serves as a formal
introduction of yourself to your prospective employer. It
goes with your resume, so you don't have to give much
information. It does, however, have to make favorable
impression so you can get an interview. This is achieved
through how the letter is written and presented.
 Street address, city, zip code,
date

Recipient's name and

title,
organization, address

line space between

paragraphs
Salutation, with a
colon

Position
identified
Match between experience and job
description

Availabili
ty

Gratitud
e

Closin
g
3-4 line space before the
signature Franchesca U.
sender's name
Morales
 B. Features of an Application
1. Qualifications Letter
In an application letter, you need to make clear why you're interested in the
position or the organization, to indicate what skills you possess that matches what
the company is looking for or to stipulate why the person you're writing to should
at least want to meet you.
2. Pleasing Tone
Line space between paragraphs cial associate 25, 2018. clerk trainee Is. With the
be of great ich provides s with the t my mobile our reply so When writing
application, you need to go beyond simply stating your accomplishments. Through
your words, you need to demonstrate that you will be the kind of employee the
organization wants. Presentation is also important - your letter should be neat and
error-free.
3. Format Application
letter typically follows a prescribed format, which is a conventional businesslike
format. The most common is the block format shown in the examples. It includes
 C. Guidelines for Writing an Application
1. Focus
Letter
Application letter is not personal and should not be chatty. Keep it focused: when
you're applying for a position, include only information relevant to the position.
Don't make your audience wade through irrelevant side issues.
2. Stay on topic
State the reason for the letter. Unlike essays, which develop a thesis over several
paragraphs, or emails, which announce their topic in a subject line, letters need to
explicitly introduce their reason for being written, usually in the first paragraph.
When you're applying for something, say so in the first sentence: "I am writing to
apply for the FASIN Scholarship for students majoring in accountancy."
3. Think of your letter as an argument
When you're asking for a job, you're making an ARGUMENT. You're making a claim
that you're qualified for a certain position and you need to support your claim with
reasons and evidence. Franchesca Morales, for example, cites his education and
his work experience supply references who will support his application.
 C. Guidelines for Writing an Application
4. Choose an appropriate salutation
Letter
.If you know the person's name and title, use it: Dear Attorney Lim'. If you don't
know the person's title, one good solution is to address him or her by first and last
name: Dear Jean Chavez. If as sometimes happens, you must write to an unknown
reader, use Dear Sir or Madam. Another option might be to omit the salutation
completely in such situations and instead use a subject line, for example:
"Subject: Public Relations Intenship Application." Whenever possible, though, write
to a specific person; call the organization and ask whom to write to. Once you've
had an interview, write to your interviewer.
5. Proofread
Few writing situations demand greater perfection than professional letters
especially application letters. Employers receive dozens, sometimes hundreds, of
applications, and often can't look at them all. Typos, grammar errors, and other
forms of sloppiness prejudice readers against applicants: they're likely to think
that if this applicant can't take the time and care to PROOFREAD, how badly does
 Communication
within a Company:
The Memorandum
LESSON 9
• The word "memo" is derived from the
Latin "memorare" changed
"memorandus", and means "to state" or
"to tell". In an organization, it takes the
form a short official note that one writes
to a person or to several individuals such
as membe faculty, heads of offices and
the like.
Regardless of the specific goal, memos are most effective when
they connect t purpose of the writer with the interests and
needs of the reader. Memos most frequen contain routine
information.

Joe LoCicero (2007) offers a good example of when to use

memos. He claims t memos may inform the readers of:
a. Announcements for diverse occasions.
b. Changes such as policies, procedures or processes.
c. Confirmations of discussions, decisions and meetings.
d. Documents for submission such as reports, data, research
and results of survey.
e. Recommendations.
f. Requests for further information.
g. Solicitations for opinions.
Though memos are less formal than business letters,
they must be crafted in an that effective memos must
be: in her presentation for Arizona State University
claims
a. Civilized
b. Concise
c. Coherent
d. Compelling
e. Correct
Example
Communication
Within a
Company: The
Minutes of
LESSON 10

Meeting
Robert's New Rule of Order
Henry Martyn Robert worked in the Army. One day, he was tasked to be a
presiding officer for an important meeting in his community. Because he
realized he had no knowledge of presiding over a meeting, he knew he
would be embarrassed. Yet, despite his inability, he did his best to preside
over the meeting.
Due to the nature of his job, he was exposed to different parliamentary
chaos across the United States. These experiences inspired him to study
parliamentary books and eventually create a rule book for parliamentary
procedure. He then decided to name the book Robert's Rule of Order.
 Parts of a Minutes
Robert's Rule of Order (2005) recommends that minutes contain the following items:
1. Committee or organization name
2. Kind of meeting (regular board meeting, an annual meeting, a meeting of the housing committee
or a special meeting)
3. Date, location, and time of beginning and adjournment.
4. Names of the chair and secretary or their substitutes.
5. Names of all present members.
6. Names of guests and their role in the meeting.
7. Reference to approval of last meeting's minutes.
8. Motions raised, Motions must be written as stated, including the member or individual who raised
the motion, and the vote's outcome.
9. Reports. Record the name of the report, the name of the member presenting it, and any action
taken on the report. If the report was in writing, attach it, or tell where it may be found. An oral
report may be summarized briefly.
10. Other special concerns from committees or individual members.
11. The signature of the secretary upon the approval of the minutes.

These parts may vary depending on the purpose and formality of the meeting. Style will also vary
based on the parliamentary authority of the group or organization
 Sample of Minutes of the Meeting
Baguio City Association of Writers, Inc.
Second Officers' Meeting
Heritage Conference Hall
February 14, 2018
1:00-5:00pm

1. CALL TO ORDER
President Jose called a meeting to order at 1:00pm, on February 14, 2018.

2. ROLL CALL AND DETERMINATION OF QUOROM

A quorum was established. The following members were present: Maggie Jose, President, Jude Sy,
Vice-President; Ana Li, Secretary; Annie Asan, Treasurer, Connie Magtanggol, Member; Mark
Kafagway, Member; Donna Belle; Member: Ann Caroy, Member; and Shirley Soo, Member. Absent:
Durlyn Egmin, Past-President, Guests: Beck Wakit. Butch Ibanes, and Chong Go.

3. APPROVAL OF THE MINUTES OF JANUARY 15, 2018 MEETING

Copies of the minutes of January 15, 2018, Association meeting were distributed to the members
prior to the February 14 meeting. The minutes were approved with one correction: page 3,... The
selection of members for of sub- committee will be held during the February 15, 2018 meeting..."
 Sample of Minutes of the Meeting
4. COMMITTEE REPORTS
Scholarship Awards Ana Li, the secretary, announced that the organization will be granting two
20,000 Php scholarship next year. Any student who will be studying Library Science at a university
level eligible to apply. Announcements and other pertinent documents will be sent to all members. All
applications must be submitted by August 16, 2018.

5. OLD BUSINESS
Articles for the organization's yearly journal are due by June 19, 2018.

6. NEW BUSINESS
The organization's website does not seem to attract individuals and lacks a sense of creativity. A
committee was formed to look into the possible ways of improving the website's aesthetics and
content. Beck Wakit, the committee's
chair has assigned Butch Ibanes to redesign the website. The committee's proposal will be forwarded
to the board for approval.

7. ADJOURNMENT
The meeting was adjourned at 5:00pm
 Sample of Minutes of the Meeting
What should be excluded in the minutes?
The minutes are a factual record of business. Robert's Rule of Order (2005) recommends that the
following be excluded from a minutes
1. Condemnation or honors: Criticism of members should not be recorded unless it takes the form of an
official motion. Expressions of gratitude should only be included with the permission of the participants.
2. Discussion: Whatever statement was given by the members must be recorded objectively.
3. Extended repeating of reports: Just hit the highpoints or key facts, mostly if there is an attachment of a
written report.
4. Opinions or judgments: Omit accounts like "a well-done report" or "a heated discussion,"

Who should write the Minutes?

The Minutes are documents significant to an organization. In any kind of meeting, one must take the role
of a note taker, a secretary, or a recorder.
The person who takes the meeting minutes is usually a member of the organization or institution and
takes note of the meeting proceedings while taking part in the conference, assembly, session, or
discussion.
In government or legal meetings, an outsider must be the note taker or recorder to avoid biases and
maintain impartiality. He or she, however, must have full knowledge of the adapted parliamentary process
to be able to effectively carry out the role.
In some cases, the same person takes the minutes at each meeting. In others, the role of minute taker
passes from member to member or participant to participant. The role of the recorder builds effective
Example