METHODS IN
COLLECTING
DATA
METHODS IN
COLLECTING
DATA
•Questionnaire
•Experiments
•Interviews
•Observations
INTRODUCTION
• Questionnaires are one of the most popular
methods of conducting research.
• They provide a convenient way to gathering
information from a target population.
• They are cost-effective and easy to construct and
analyze.
• A questionnaire is a planned self-reported form
designed to elicit information though written or
verbal responses of the subjects.
• In the words, a questionnaire is a research
instrument used for data collection.
• It is a set of questions that may or may not
provide with response alternatives which are to
be answered by subject.
TYPES OF
QUESTIONS
Open-format / Open ended questions
• Open ended questions are those questions which
provide opportunity to the respondents to express
their opinions and answers in their own way.
• Open –format questions have followings
characteristics:
1. There is no predetermined set of responses.
2. They provide true, insightful and unexpected
suggestions.
3. An ideal questionnaire contains open-ended
questions towards the end of all the questions
that would ask respondents about the
suggestions for changes or improvements.
Ex: state your opinion about the quality of health
care services in Clinica Antipolo?
Closed-format questions
• These questions offer respondents a number of
alternative replies, from which the subjects must
choose the one that most likely matches the
appropriate answer.
• Closed-format questions have following
characteristics:
1. They facilitate easy statistical calculation of data.
2. Provide easy preliminary analysis
3. Can be asked to different groups at different
intervals.
4. Facilitate efficient tracking of opinion.
Closed-format questions
could be of the following subtypes
1. Dichotomous questions 6. Rating questions
2. Multiple-choice
7. Importance questions
questions
8. Likert questions
3. Cafeteria questions
4. Rank order questions 9. Matrix questions
5. Contingency questions
Dichotomous questions
• These requires the respondent to make a
choice between two responses such as yes/no
or male/female.
Ex:
Q) Have you ever been hospitalized?
a. Yes
b. No
Multiple-choice questions
These questions require respondents to
make a choice between more than two
response alternatives.
Ex:
Q)Which of the following disease is sexually
transmitted ?
[Link]
b. Hypothyrodism
c. Syphilis
d. HTN
Cafeteria questions
• These are special type of MCQ’s that ask the
respondents to select a response that most closely
corresponds to their views.
• Ex:
Q) What do you think about Uniform policy?
a. It is vital, should be implemented.
b. Everyone has the right to choose whatever
clothes they want
c. It does not affect the academic performance
Rank order questions
• These questions ask respondents to rank their
responses from most favorable to least
favorable.
Ex:
Q) What according to you is most important for
your life. Rank from most favorable to least
favorable.
a. Money
b. Education
c. Family
d. Health
Contingency questions
• A question that is asked further only if the
respondents gives a particular response to
previous question.
Ex:
Q) Are you stressed?
a. No
b. Yes, if yes what are the reasons?.........
Rating questions
• These questions ask respondents to judge
something along an ordered dimension.
• Respondent is asked to rate a particular issue
on a scale that ranges from Poor to Good.
• They may provide a number of choices.
Ex:
Q) How you rank the education quality in India?
1 2 3 4
Good Fair Poor Very Poor
Importance questions
• In this, respondents are asked to rate the
importance of a particular issue, on a rating scale of
1-5. This helps to know that the things/issues that
are important to a respondent.
• Ex:
Q) Exercising every day is ……..for the health.
1 2 3 4 5
Extremely Very Some what Not very Not at all
important important important important important
Likert questions
• Likert questions help to know how strongly the
respondent agrees with a particular statement. These
questions help to assess how respondent feels
towards a certain issue/ services.
Ex: Q) This community a good place to raise
children?
1 2 3 4 5
Strongly agree Agree Uncertain Disagree Strongly
disagree
Matrix questions
• It include multiple questions and identical
response categories are assigned.
• Questions are placed one under another, forming
a matrix.
• Response categories are placed along the top
and a list of questions down the side.
EX:
• Q) please let us know your weekly schedule of
the following:
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
Gym
(weight
Traning)
Aerobics
Eating
(Dinner/Lunc
h)
Drink
(Alcoholic
breverages)
Guidelines for designing a good
questionnaire
General points:
1. The questionnaire must be developed exactly in
accordance with study objectives
2. The questionnaire should be begin with the
instructions for the respondents to provide the
responses.
3. The drafting of the questionnaire should be
concise, precise and brief, because the lengthy
questionnaires may lead to boredom among
respondants.
4. The language of the questionnaire should be
according to the respondents knowledge about a
particular knowledge.
5. Questions outside the respondents experience
should not be asked.
6. In asking questions about past events, too much
reliance should not be placed on the respondents
memory.
7. Questions which are likely to lead to bias in the
respondents should be avoided.
8. Questions should be very clear and simple. Avoid
professional jargons.
9. As for as possible, open ended questions should
be avoided.
[Link] questions with difficult concept, which are
not easily understandable for respondents.
[Link] and ambiguous questions should be
avoided.
[Link] structure of the questionnaire should be
according to the form in which the responses are
to be recorded.
[Link] check the respondents by asking the
same information in two different ways.
14.A mailed questionnaire should be accompanied
by introduction to the study, purpose and
directions to fill the questionnaire.
[Link] ending of the questions and
questionnaire should be avoided.
Sequence of the questions
• There should be logical sequence of the questions in
the questionnaire.
• Researcher must ensure that the answer to question is
not influenced by previous question.
• Questions should flow from more general to more
specific.
• Questions should be flow from least to most sensitive.
• Sandwich theory states that a questionnaire should
generally start with demographic profile of subjects,
followed by specific questions according to the
objectives of the study.
Question construction
• Use statements which can be interpreted in same
way by all subjects.
• Use statements where persons that have different
opinions or traits will give different answers.
• Use only one aspect of the construct in which you
are interested.
• Avoid asking double-barreled questions which
contain two distinct ideas or concepts.
Ex: are you satisfied with pay and fringe benefits?
• Avoid leading, loaded, ambiguous and long
questions.
Questions researcher must consider
before developing a questionnaire
The sample Who are you going to ask?
The method How are you going to ask them?
The questionnaire What are you going to ask them?
The result What will you do with information?
The cost How much do you want to pay for
answer?
The time scale By when do you need information?
• Avoid negative and double negative questions
• Use a positive statements
• Do not make assumptions about respondent.
• Use clear and comprehensible wording.
• Use correct spelling, grammar and
punctuation.
Advantage of questionnaire
• Questionnaire are cost-effective.
• They are easy to analyze.
• They require less time and energy to administer.
• Questionnaire offer the possibility of anonymity.
• They reduce bias as interviewer not present.
• Questionnaire are used for large sample size.
• Questionnaire are less intrusive than phone or
face-to-face interview.
Disadvantage of questionnaire
• Questionnaire are not suitable for all.
Ex: children, blind and illiterates.
• Low response rate.
• Questionnaire sent by mail may be filled by
someone other than the intended person.
• Questionnaire provide only superficial information.
• Probing of response is not possible.
• There are chances of misinterpretation.
• People can lie and answer the question vaguely.
