Strategies and

Approaches in
Teaching for
Learning
Session Objectives
At the end of the session, you will be able to
1. Explain the features of the various teaching
approaches and strategies.
2. Select the appropriate strategy/activity for a
given topic based on the learning style of the
learner.
Constructivism
Integrative
Inquiry
Reflective
 PEDAGOGICAL
APPROACHES
 Strategy Simulation
1. Form five groups then choose a facilitator for each group.
2. Present the topic of the day.
Facilitator will assign one member each of the following
pedagogical approaches. Constructivist, Collaborative,
Inquiry-Based, Integrative, and Reflective. Those who will
not be chosen will summarize the group’s discussions on the
5 approaches or present to the class the group’s description
(using own words) and examples of the 5 approaches.
 00:05:00
1. Write on a metacard what you know (as
many as your group can) about each of the
5 pedagogical approaches. On another
metacard write a strategy that supports that
approach. Use
blue metacard for reflective approach,
green - inquiry-based,
orange - constructivist,
red -collaborative, and
purple -integrative.
2. Post the metacards on the wall
where they belong. Group 1 may
start on Reflective Approach Wall,
Group 2 on Inquiry-Based, Group
3 on Constructivist, Group 4 on
Collaborative, and Group 5 on
Integrative, then move on to the
next walls until you have posted
all your metacards.
3. When you are back to the wall
where you started, analyze the
information posted on that wall
then make a summary. Have
somebody in the group ready to
present the summary to the
class.
 Points to Ponder
•Who among you use these approaches?
•Are there similar ideas across the approaches
mentioned?
•Are there ideas that seem to be misplaced?
•Would you like to know more of these
approaches and strategies and how to use them?
 Legal Bases
Sec. 5 (e) RA 10533
“The curriculum shall use pedagogical
approaches such as constructivism, inquiry-
based, reflective, collaborative, and
integrative”
Regional Memorandum No. 233, s. 2016 entitled
Implementation of the Pedagogical Approaches

“…this Office reiterates the use of the 2C-2I-1R

approaches cum suggested strategies and underlying
principles…”
Instructional Models, Strategies and Methods
page 7 of DepEd Order No. 42 s. 2016
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Approach Strategy
A set of principles, A long term plan of
beliefs, or ideas about Approach
action designed to
the nature of learning achieve a particular
which is translated into goal
the classroom.
Technique/Activity
Method
It is a systematic way of
It is a well-defined
doing something. It implies procedure used to
an orderly arrangement of accomplish activity or
steps. It is more procedural. task.
Learning Approaches
• Approaches are based on learning tasks
(content) and learning environment (context)
– Focus on student thinking or sense making
– Thinking is highly contextualized
• Specific subject…diversity of understandings students’
develop when learning domain-specific concepts
• Specific setting…how individuals interpret various
context variables (norms of discourse)
Collaborative Approach
The COLLABORATIVE
Approach
-Requires learners to work together towards a
common goal. This type of learning has been
called in various names like collective learning,
learning communities, peer teaching, peer
learning or team learning.
-Teachers must fully understand learners’
preferred learning styles and view of learning.
 Strategies that promote
Collaborative Approach
1. Jigsaw Method
-Is a cooperative learning technique in which
learners work in a small group.
-It can be used in a variety of ways for a variety of
goals that allows for an efficient way for learners to
learn content, develop their listening, engagement
and empathy skills aside from allowing them to
interact among each other and work independently.
 Activity for Jigsaw Method
The TDAR Activity
◦ Think (Analysis of the problem)
◦ Discuss (Share ideas on how to solve the problem)
◦ Act (Act collaboratively)
◦ Reflect (Introspect on the results made by the
group
 Strategies that promote
Collaborative Approach
2. Online Collaborative Learning
-Prepares learners to be responsible individuals
in a technologically advanced society. Projects and
activities given by the teachers shall reflect students’
current and future needs.
Activities for Online Collaborative
Learning
1. The CPFM Activity
◦ Create Transparency of Expectations
◦ Provide Clear Instructions
◦ Form Small Groups
◦ Monitor and Support
2. Integration of Information Technology (IT) in
the lessons
 Strategies that promote
COLLABORATIVE Approach
3. Think-Pair-Share
- Is a cooperative discussion strategy with three
stages of learners’ action emphasizing on what
learners are to be doing at each of the three
stages.
Activity for Think-Pair-Share
The 2D-2M Activity
◦ Decide (Upon the problem/issue to be solved)
◦ Describe (The purpose of the strategy and provide
guidelines for discussions)
◦ Model (Ensure that students understand how to use the
strategy)
◦ Monitor (Support students as they work)
 Strategies that promote
COLLABORATIVE Approach
4. Integrated Process Approach/Project Management
-requires the whole team to think of the entire
project and all its systems together, emphasize
connections and improve communication among
students and stakeholders throughout the life of a
project.
 Activity for Integrated
Approach
The Process Activity
1)Think of the project as a whole
2)Focus on life cycle design
3)Work together as a team from the start
4)Conduct assessments (e.g. threat, risk analysis ) to help
identify requirements and set goals
5)Develop tailored solutions
6)Evaluate solutions
7)Ensure requirements and goals are met
 Strategies that promote
Collaborative Approach
5. Peer Teaching Strategy
- is a strategy that is carried out by learners that
involves learners taking on a teaching role in the
school setting. The three forms of peer teaching
strategies are reciprocal teaching, peer tutoring
and cooperative learning.
Activity for Peer Teaching
Strategy
Suggested Activity: The AFA Activity
-Assign and design the lesson
-Facilitate the lesson
-Assess their peers
 Strategies that promote
Collaborative Approach
6. Interactive Instruction Strategy
-is teaching that addresses learners’ need
to be active in their learning and interact
with others including their teachers and
peers.
 Activities for Interactive
Instruction Strategy
Brainstorming
Debates
Cooperative learning
Interviewing
Small group discussion
Whole class discussion
Constructivist Approach
Allows learners to be active in the process
of constructing meaning and knowledge
rather than passively receiving information.
It fosters critical thinking and provides
learners with a learning environment that
helps them make connections with their
learning.
 Strategies that promotes
CONSTRUCTIVISM
1. Thinking Skills Strategies
-are strategies that strive to improve
achievement by consciously developing
learners’ ability to consider ideas, analyze
perspectives, solve problems, and make
decisions on their own.
Suggested activities for
Thinking Strategies
1. The RFMD Activity
◦ Recall (Past Experience)
◦ Model (Follow Procedures/Steps)
◦ Familiarize (Repeat the Performance/Scaffolding)
◦ Decide (Form a conclusion)
Strategies that promote
Constructivism
2. Activity-Based Strategies
-engages learners in individual or group
experiential learning opportunities such as
purposeful conversation, project planning,
hands on inquiry, analysis and product creation.
 Activity for Activity-Based
Strategies
The 3 As Activity
◦Act (Giving simple workshops/coaching)
◦Analyze (compare and contrast)
◦Apply (Use and Implement)
Strategies that promotes
Constructivism
3. Direct Instruction Strategies
-Guides/models the learning in a quickest way
-Basic steps are presenting the material, explaining,
and reinforcing
-Used to teach facts, rules, and action sequences
Activity for Direct Instruction
Strategies
Compare and contrast
Demonstrations
Didactic questions
Drill and practice
Guides for reading
Lecture
The INTEGRATIVE Approach
The INTEGRATIVE LEARNING
Approach
-allows learners to make connections across
curricula, making connections with a major
concept, between curriculum, co-curriculum, or
between academic knowledge and practice.
 Strategies that promote
Integrative Learning
Approach
1. Scaffold-Knowledge Integration Strategy
◦ -makes thinking visible.
◦ -Models scientific thinking
◦ Helps students learn from others
◦ -encourage listening to others
◦ -promotes autonomy and lifelong learning
◦ Encourages monitoring
 Activity for Scaffold-
Integration Strategy
Suggested Activity: The 4As Activity
◦ Activity (Build on students ideas)
◦ Analysis (Make thinking visible)
◦ Abstraction (Encourage listening to others)
◦ Application (Promote autonomy/lifelong learning)
 Strategies that promote
Integrative Learning
Approach
2. Content-Based Instruction (CBI)
-Features the 6 Ts
◦ Themes- Central ideas that organize major
curricular units
◦ Text-content resources which drive the basic
planning of theme units
◦ Topics are sub-units of content which explore
specific aspects of the theme
◦ Threads-linkages across themes which create greater
curricular coherence
◦ Tasks-Instructional activities and techniques utilized
◦ Transitions –explicitly planned actions which provide
coherence across topics in a theme unit and across within
topics.
Suggested Activity: The 4As
 Strategies that promote
Integrative Learning
Approach
3. Thematic Teaching & Learning By Design
◦-integrates basic discipline in all subjects
◦-acquires knowledge best when learning in the
context of coherent “whole” and when they
can connect learning to real world.
 Activity for Thematic
teaching and Learning by
Design
The AACE Activity (Kalantris 2007)
◦ Apply (being creative)
◦ Analyze (being critical)
◦ Conceptualize (Design Theory)
◦ Experience (New Concept with celebration)
The INQUIRY BASED
Approach
 The INQUIRY-BASED
Approach
-acquiring information by investigation to know the
phenomenon in question.
- learners are involved in their learning by formulating
questions, investigating, building their understanding and
creating meaning and new knowledge on a certain lesson.
-At the end, the new knowledge is used to answer a
question, develop solution and support a position or point of
view.
 Strategy that promotes
Inquiry-Based Approach
Ask a Question

Communicate 1. The Cyclic Inquiry

FormulateModel and the Practical Inquiry

Model
findings hypothesis

Draw Conduct
conclusion Investigation

Collect and
analyze data
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3 Types of Inquiry-Based d
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1. Structured Inquiry
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2. Guided Inquiry
– The teacher provides the problem for investigation
as well as the necessary materials.
– Students are expected to devise their own
procedure to solve the problem.
3. Open Inquiry
– Open Inquiry has been defined as student-driven.
– Similar to Guided Inquiry, students formulate their
own problem to solve as well as the
procedureOpen Inquiry is analogous to doing
science. Science fair projects are often examples of
Open Inquiry.
Suggested activity for Cyclic
Inquiry Model
The AICDR Activity (Bruner 1965)
-Ask (To know)
-Investigate (To analyze)
-Create(To form)
-Discuss (To give arguments)
-Reflect (To introspect)
 Activity for Cyclic Inquiry
Model
The DCAP Activity (Garrison, Anderson & Archer,
1999)
-Deliberate (Applicability of the concept)
-Conceive (Idea/concept formation)
-Act (Application of the concept)
-Perceive (Awareness on the usability of the concept)
 Strategies that Promote
INQUIRY-BASED Approach
2. Knowledge-Building Community Model
-A teaching strategy that collects/processes results at
the end to use as data for later activities based on
the community of learner’s participation. This can be
tweaked by allowing them to review these results.
 Activity for Knowledge-
Building Community Model
The EIBU Activity
-Experience (setting up the concept)
-Inform (gather and analyze information)
-Build knowledge (Processing and abstraction)
-Understand (Decision making)
 Strategies that Promote
INQUIRY-BASED Approach
3. Experiment
-doing investigation
-encourages learners to manipulate objects, test
hypothesis and work together to solve or prove
something exciting.
 Activity for Experiment
Strategy
Scientific Method
◦ A. State the problem
◦ B. Gather related information
◦ C. Formulate hypothesis
◦ D. Test the hypothesis
◦ E. Make a conclusion
◦ F. Communicate the result
 Strategies that Promote INQUIRY-BASED
Approach
4. Simulation
- learners are placed in a context or situation made by
the teacher. During simulation, learners interact in a
way where they themselves are the subject in the
laboratory or classrooms.
-- Usually, it is done through role plays, games, and
models.
 Strategies that Promote INQUIRY-BASED
Approach
5. Demonstration
- Is a teaching technique that lessens teachers’
active role as a prime source of knowledge
allowing learners to respect diversity and work in
the process. It is an important component of overall
teaching strategy that provides concrete and
visual way of explaining the topic.
 Strategies that Promote INQUIRY-BASED
Approach
6. Field Study
- Is a manner in which experiments or
engaging activities are undertaken in a
natural setting rather than in laboratories,
classrooms, or other structured
environments.
 Strategies that Promote INQUIRY-BASED
Approach
7. Indirect Instruction Strategy
- is a teaching strategy in which the learner is
an active and not passive participant. Indirect
instruction methods are used for concept
learning, inquiry learning and problem-
centered learning (Borich 2011).
 Activities for Indirect
Instruction Strategy
Case study
Cloze procedure
Concept formation
Inquiry, problem solving
Reflective Approach
 The REFLECTIVE Approach
-means looking at what the teacher and
learners do in classroom, thinking about why
they do it, and analyzing about it if it works. This
is a process of self-evaluation cum self-
observation.
Strategies that promote the
REFLECTIVE Approach
1. Self Evaluation and Self Reflection
-collects information about what goes on inside the
classroom
-analyzes/evaluates the obtained information by
teacher and learner
-solicits improvements in teaching towards effective
teaching
 Activity for self evaluation
strategy
The TTRA Activity
-Think (Analyze patterns occurring during the teaching-
learning process)
- Talk (Self-talk or group talk done by the teacher or learner)
-Read (finding out or making affirmations regarding
behavioral patterns)
-Ask (post questions to get ideas or opportunities on an area
that interest you to improve/develop)
 Strategies that promote
Reflective Approach
2. Multimedia Presentation
- Is the effective use of instructional materials that
utilize a wide range of electronic media allowing the
learners to reflect after the teaching learning
process.
 Strategies that promote
Reflective Approach
2. Drill Practice
- Is a technique with emphasis on repetition after
the learners reflect on their skills or learnings.
 Strategies that promote
REFLECTIVE Approach
3. Mental Modelling
- is a strategy intended to enhance learner’s
ability to direct their own learning after gaining an
insight in any cognitive process or activity.
Should we consider the
learning style of the student
in the kinds of activities that
they will do?
 What do you see?
Cofot

One face or two? Woman or

skull?
o Active: try things out, work w/others
o Reflective: think things thru, work
alone
o Visual: graphic representations of
material--pictures, diagrams, flow
charts
o Verbal: written & spoken explanations
o Sequential: linear, orderly, learn in
small
o Global: holistic, systems thinkers, learn in
large leaps
o Sensing: concrete, practical, oriented
toward facts & procedures
o Intuitive: conceptual, innovative,
oriented
toward theories & meanings

Felder, R.M. 1996. Matters of style. ASEE Prism 6(4), 18-23.

 Using Best Modality(-ies)
for the Content
For example:
o Using visuals for visual material
o Using experience for learning how
to do something physical
o Using reading & auditory for poetry
o Using many modes for relatively
recent history
 Ganito
‘Yan..!

Group yourselves by subject area of specialization for high

schools and by grade level for elementary.
Choose one competency from your CG where you can use
the approach assigned to your group. Demonstrate with
the group the approach to the class in 5 minutes.
 If students
don’t learn the
way we teach,
may be we
should teach
them the way
they learn.