LESSON 1 PART 2
1
Customer premises equipment:
The basic equipment that is found at customer’s premises
without considering the many different types of attachments is
as follows;
Telephone
Modem
Fax
P.A.B.X.
2
Basic requirements of a telephone:
To send a signal to the exchange to indicate that a call is to be made.
To send a clearing signal to the exchange after the call is completed.
To indicate to the exchange which number is required.
To transmit speech.
To receive speech.
To provide a suitable signal of an incoming call.
3
The Basic Components of a Telephone:
Transmitter; to convert sound into electrical currents.
Receiver; to convert electrical currents into sound waves.
Dial; to indicate to the exchange the number to be called.
Switch-hook springs; to give calling and clearing signals.
Bell; to indicate when an incoming call occurs.
Induction coil; to ensure maximum transfer of power to
the line.
Regulator; to restrict line current on short lines in order
to give a reasonable speech level on all lines.
Bell capacitor; to prevent DC calling signal being sent
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permanently through the bell circuit
The Operation of a Telephone:
When we raise the hook or hand set of a telephone, the
on/off hook switch is closed and current starts flowing on
the subscriber loop through the microphone that is
connected to the subscriber loop. The microphone converts
acoustic energy to electrical energy. Originally telephone
microphones were so-called carbon microphones that had
diaphragms with small containers of carbon grains (carbon
granule microphone) and they operated as variable resistors
supplied with battery voltage from an exchange site (see the 5
subscriber loop on the left-hand side of the next slide.
Cont’d
Basic function of a telephone
6
Cont’d
When sound waves presses the carbon grains more tightly,
loop resistance decreases and current slightly increases. The
variable air pressure generates a variable, alternating current
to the subscriber loop.
This current, is converted back into voice at the other end of
the connection. The earphone has a diaphragm with a piece
of magnet inside a coil. The coil is supplied by alternating
current produced by the microphone. The current generates
a variable magnetic field that moves the diaphragm that
produces sound waves close to the original sound at the
transmitting end (see the subscriber loop on the right-hand 7
side of the preceding slide.
Cont’d
The microphone generates the electrical current that carries
voice information, and the earphone produces the voice at
the receiving end of the speech circuit. The telephone
network provides a dialed-up or circuit-switched service
that enables the subscriber to initiate and terminate calls.
The subscriber dials the number to which she wants to be
connected. This requires additional information transfer
over the subscriber loop and from the exchange to other
exchanges on the connection, and this transfer of additional
information is called signaling. The basic subscriber 8
signaling phases are described in the following section .
Cont’d
Each telephone has a switch that indicates an on- or off-
hook condition. When the hook is raised, the switch is
closed and an approximately 50 mA of current starts
flowing. This is detected by a relay giving information to
the control unit in the exchange (Figure 2.2). The control
unit is an efficient and reliable computer (or a set of
computers) in the telephone exchange. It activates signaling
circuits, which then receive dialed digits from subscriber A.
(We call a subscriber who initiates a call subscriber A and a
subscriber who receives a call subscriber B.)
9
Cont’d
When the exchange detects the off-hook condition of a
subscriber loop, it informs us with a dial tone that we hear
when we raise the hook that it is ready to receive digits.
After dialing it keeps us informed about whether the circuit
establishment is successful by sending us a ringing tone
when the telephone at the other end rings. When subscriber
B answers, the exchange switches off both the ringing
signal and the ringing tone and connects the circuit. At the
end of the conversation, an on-hook condition is detected by
the exchange and the speech circuit is released. 10
Decadic or rotary dialing
In rotary dialing a local loop is closed and opened according
to the dialed digits, and the number of current pulses is
detected by the exchange. This signaling method is also
known as loop disconnect signaling. The main
disadvantages of this method are that it is slow and
expensive. When a digit is to be dialed, the dialing plate
with finger holes is rotated clockwise to the end and
released. While homing, the switch is breaking the line
current periodically and the number of these periods
indicates the dialed digit 11
Cont’d
Decadic technology
12
Carbon Microphone
Moving electrode
Fixed electrode
13
Rocking armature receiver
14
Block diagram of a basic telephone
15
Circuit diagram of a basic telephone
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END OF LESSON 1 PART 2
17
Local loop
Each subscriber is connected to the local exchange (central
office) that contains switching equipment, signaling
equipment and batteries. Each telephone is connected to the
exchange through two wire called T (for Tip) and R (for
Ring). Switches in the exchange respond to dial pulses or
tones from the instrument. When the handset of the
telephone is resting its cradle switch, hook buttons are
pressed and the switches are open. This is called ON-
HOOK condition. 18
Cont’d
Dial pad showing the frequencies transmitted.
19
Block diagram of a DTMF phone
20
Wiring subscriber’s premises
Where ever possible, cables in subscriber’s premises
should be concealed or as unobtrusive as possible. A
check should be conducted, perhaps with the help of
the subscriber, for the existence of any cable ducts
within the building (some new buildings have these
provided as part of the structure.
The subscribers' agreement should be sought on all
proposed cable runs.
All cable runs, should be either horizontal or vertical .
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Safety with microwave equipment
It is known, that exposure to non-ionizing radio frequency
radiation may produce serious biological effects. As high
frequency radio frequency radiation, i.e., microwave radiation,
penetrates the body, the exposed molecules move about and
collide with one another causing friction and, thus, heat. This is
known as the thermal effect. If the radiation is powerful enough,
the tissue or skin will be heated or burned. Such health effects
may or may not be reversible, depending on the particular tissue
or organ that is exposed.
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Safety with CMOS devices
CMOS devices can be damaged by voltages as low as 250V, so
the first precaution to observe is to ensure that the handler is not
carrying a static charge. An operative handling such devices in
the course of their daily work may have an earthed mat on the
bench and an earthed wrist strap to allow any charge to leak
away. Warning signs are displayed
on equipment housing CMOS devices.
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END OF LESSON 1 PART 2
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