Department of Information Technology

B.Tech III Year I Semester – “B” Section

COMPUTER NETWORKS (UGIT5T0220)

Course Faculty: Dr. Chandra Sekhar Kolli

Course Objectives

Students will be able :

• To master in Computer Network Terminology

• To master in Concepts of the OSI model & TCP/IP model,

• To summarize with wired and wireless networking concepts

• To summarize Routing Protocols and solve current issues in

Networking Technologies.
UNIT I – Syllabus
(9Hrs)
 Introduction: Data Communication
• The development of the personal computer brought about tremendous

changes for business, industry, science, and education.

• Technological advances are making it possible for communications links to

carry more and faster signals.

• When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be

local or remote.

• Between individuals, local communication usually occurs face to face, while

remote communication takes place over distance.

• Data communications - exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
• Communication system made up of a combination of hardware and
software
• The effectiveness of a data communications system depends on four
fundamental characteristics:
• Delivery, Accuracy, Timeliness, Jitter
 Delivery :
The system must deliver data to correct destination.
Data received by the indented user only
 Accuracy:
The system must deliver data accurately (no change).
Data changed & altered – Not usable
 Timeliness:

The system must deliver data in timely manner

Data arrived late : useless (video and audio - without delay)
 Jitter:
Variation in the packet arrival time.
The variation in the latency on a packet flow between two systems when some packets
take longer to travel from one system to the other.
• Jitter refers to small,
unpredictable changes or
fluctuations in things like
signals or data.
• For example, when you're
watching a video online and it
briefly pauses, that can be
caused by jitter.
• It's like the information is
shaking a bit, causing the video
to not play smoothly.
Components of Data
Communication System
• Data Communication system is made up of 5 components.
• Message: the information (data) to be communicated

– Consist of text, numbers, pictures, audio, or video

• Sender: the device that sends the data message

– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, …

• Receiver: the device that receives the message

– Computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, ….

4. Medium: The physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver
– twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic, radio waves

5. Protocol: a set of rules that govern data communications

– An agreement between the communicating devices
– Devices may be connected but not communicating (no protocol)
– Arabic speaker with Japanese speaker
 Data Representation
• Information today comes in different forms such as text, numbers,
images, audio, and video.

Text Numbers Images

Audio Video
• Text:
• Sequence of bits (0s or 1s)

• Different sets of patterns to represent text symbols (each set is called: code)

• ASCII: 7 bits (128 symbols)

• common coding system today is:

• Unicode uses: 32 bits to represent a symbol or character in any language

• Numbers:
• Represented by bit patterns

• The number is directly converted to a binary number

• Images:
• Represented by bit patterns

• A matrix of Resolution: size of the pixels

• High resolution: more memory is needed

• Each pixel is assigned a bit pattern

• 1-bit pattern (black and white dots image)

• 2-bit pattern (4 levels of gray)

• RGB (color images)

• Audio:
• Continuous not discrete
• Change to digital signal
• Video:
• Recording or broadcasting of a picture or movie
• Change to digital signal
Data Flow
• Communication between two devices can be:
• Simplex
• Half-Duplex
• Full-Duplex

• Simplex (one way street)

• The communication is unidirectional - as on a one-way street.
• Only one device can transmit; the other can only receive
• Use the entire capacity of the channel to send data
• Example: Keyboards, Monitors
• Half-Duplex (one-lane with two-directional traffic)

• Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time

• When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa

• The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by the transmitting device

• Example:
• Walkie-talkies,
• citizens band (CB Radio)
• Full-Duplex (Duplex) (two-way street)
• Both stations can transmit and receive at same time
• Signals going in either direction sharing the capacity of the link
• Sharing can occur in two ways:
• Link has two physically separate transmission paths
• One for sending and the other for receiving

• The capacity of the channel is divided between signals travelling in both directions

• Example: Telephone network

Data
 Time to Review

What mode of data flow the following exhibits shows?

Data

Data

Full Duplex
 Networks
• A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by communication links.

• A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

• Network Criteria (Condition):

• A network must be able to meet a certain number of criteria.

• The most important of these are :

• performance,

• reliability, and

• security
• Performance
• Transit time: A mount of time required for a message to travel from one device to
another

• Response time: Elapsed time between an inquiry and a response

• Performance depends on :
Number of users: large number slow response time.

Type of transmission medium: fiber-optic cabling faster than others cables.

Capabilities of the connected hardware: affect both the speed and capacity of
transmission.

Efficiency of the software: process data at the sender and receiver and
intermediate affects network performance.
• Performance
• Performance is evaluated by two contradictory networking metrics:
• Throughput (high): a measure of how fast we can actually send data through a
network
• Delay (low)

• Reliability

• Reliability is measured by:

• Frequency of failure

• Recovery time of a network after a failure

• Network’s robustness in a catastrophe: protect by good back up network system

• Security
• Protecting data from unauthorized access
• Protecting data from damage and development
• Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data losses
(Recovery plan)
• Point-to-Point
• Dedicated link between two devices
• Entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those two devices
• Use an actual length of wire or cable

• Other options, such as microwave or satellite is possible

• Example: Television remote control
• Multipoint (multidrop)
• More than two devices share a single link

• Capacity is shared

• Channel is shared either spatially or temporally

• Spatially shared: if devices use link at same time

• Timeshare: if users must take turns

Physical Structure - Physical
Topology
• Physical Topology
• The way a network is laid out physically

• Two or more links form a topology

• The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one
another.
• Four topologies :
• Mesh, Star, Bus, and Ring
• Mesh
• Every link is dedicated point-to-point link

• The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only
between the two devices it connects
Categories of Networks
• LAN, WAN, and MAN are different types of networks that are used to
connect devices and enable communication.
• They are distinguished by their size and the distance between the
devices they connect.

•Internet - This is the global network of interconnected computers that we

all use today. It is a proper noun and should be capitalized.

•internet - This is a generic term that refers to any network of

interconnected computers. It is a lowercase word.
LAN – Local Area Network
• A Local Area Network is a network that covers a relatively small geographical
area, such as a home, office building, or campus.

• LANs are typically privately owned and used by organizations to connect

computers, printers, servers, and other devices within a limited area.

• LANs often use Ethernet or Wi-Fi technology and offer high-speed

communication.

• Links devices in the same office, building, or campus

• Simple LAN: 2 PCs & 1 printer in home or office

• Size is limited to a few kilometers

• Allow resources to be shared (hardware, software, or data)

An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet
Wide Area Networks (WAN)

• Provides long-distance transmission of data over large geographic areas (country, continent,
world)..

• A Wide Area Network is a network that covers a large geographical area, such as multiple cities,
countries, or even continents.

• WANs connect LANs together over long distances and are often established by service providers.

• The Internet is the largest example of a WAN, connecting computers and networks across the
globe.

• WANs typically utilize routers and leased lines or internet connections to facilitate
communication.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
• A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that spans across a metropolitan area,
such as a city or a large town.
• MANs are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs, covering a region between
the size of a LAN and a WAN.
• MANs are often used by organizations or service providers to connect multiple
LANs or to provide internet connectivity to a specific area.
• They may use a combination of fiber-optic cables, microwave links, or other
technologies for data transmission.
• Inside a town or a city
• Example: the part of the telephone company network that can provide a high-
speed DSL to the customer
• LAN, WAN, and MAN are distinct types of networks that
differ in terms of their coverage area, technologies
used, and their intended purpose.
1.Coverage Area
2.Technologies Used
3.Purpose
 Protocols & Standards
• Protocol synonymous with rule, Standards: agreed-upon rules
• Protocols
• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications
• Defines What, How, and When it is communicated
• Elements of a protocol:
• Syntax: structure or format of data
• Example: 8-bits address of sender, 8-bits address of receiver

• Semantics: meaning of each section of bits

• Example: Does the address is a route to be taken or the final destination of the message

• Timing: when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent
• Example: sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data at only 1
Mbps  overload and data loose
STANDARDS

• Essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for

equipment manufactures

• Guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data and

telecommunication technology and processes

• Providing guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and

other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in
today’s marketplace and in international communications
• Two categories
• De facto: not approved by an organized body but adopted as standards through
widespread use
• De jure: Legislated by an officially recognized body

• Standards are developed through the cooperation of:

Standards Creation Committees
ISO, ITU-T, CCITT, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
Forums
Created by special-interest groups
Present their conclusions to the standards bodies
Regulatory Agencies
Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Technology (KSA)
Purpose: Protecting the public by regulating radio, television, and communication
• Internet standards
• Tested thoroughly tested specification that is useful to be adhered to by those who
work with the Internet
• Formalized regulation that must be followed
• Specification become Internet standard
• Begins as Internet draft for 6 months

• Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities draft published as Request for
Comment (RFC)
• RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties
Network Models
Physical Layer : Transmission Media
Multiplexing
Thank you