WHICH CAME
FIRST?
WHAT IS
MORE
IMPORTANT?
LET US DEFINE THE
READING TERMS!
Defined according to two types:
1.A decoding process (breaking down of written codes)
2.A comprehension process
(word recognition
understanding/comprehension MOTIVATION
fluency
WHY DO WE READ?
TO DEVELOP A BROAD BACKGROUND
TO ANTICIPATE AND PREDICT
TO CREATE MOTIVATION AND
INTERESTS
TO BUILD A GOOD VOCABULARY
FOR PLEASURE AND ENJOYMENT
LET US DEFINE THE
WRITING TERMS!
1. A METHOD OF REPRESENTING LANGUAGE IN
VISUAL OR TACTILE FORM
2. A SYSTEM OF GRAPHIC SYMBOLS THAT CAN
BE USED TO CONVEY MEANING
WHY DO WE WRITE?
EXPRESS
ENTERTAIN
DESCRIBE
EXPLORE AND PERSUADE
LEARN
INFORM
LESSON 1
TEXT AS
CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Prepared by: Mr. Elger Mojica,
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
TEXT is defined in linguistics as “a
stretch of language which is perceived as a
purposeful connected whole. A text may be
spoken or written, produced by one person or
more. It is generally considered as written
material, especially longer pieces of writing
as in a book, a letter or a newspaper.
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
EXAMPLE:
It was a dark stormy night. In her attic bedroom
Margaret Murry, wrapped in an old patchwork quilt,
sat on the foot of her bed and watched the trees
tossing in the frenzied lashing of the wind.
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Similarly, DISCOURSE is defined in
linguistics as “any stretch of a language”
larger than a sentence, whether spoken or
written, and having a logically consistent and
unified structure.
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Discourse is classified under any of the four forms ---
EXPOSITION - serves to explain or inform; appeals to the
intellect
DESCRIPTION - serves to describe or state the qualities or
characteristics of something/someone; appeals to the senses.
NARRATION - serves to tell a story; appeals to emotions
ARGUMENTATION - serves to argue, to persuade or
convince.
based speaker or writer. He/she has only one intent or
purpose. If his purpose is to tell a story, his speech or writing is
narrative, not expository, description nor argumentation.
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Connected Discourse is “a continuous sequence of sounds
forming utterances or conversations in spoken language.
Analysis of connected speech shows sound changes affecting
linguistic units traditionally described as phrases, words,
lexemes, morphemes, syllables, phonemes or phones.
In a conversation, utterances may be in the form of
words, phrases, clauses, sentences or even paragraphs. A
conversation involves a number of participants, at least two, who
express their individual thoughts and emotions through spoken
words. For them to understand one another and to ensure a
smooth flow of conversation, the spoken words must have
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
Assuming that each sentence constitutes one utterance
from each of the participants in a conversation and several
sentences represent a number of utterances from the same
participants, they produce a number of discourses because the
parties involved proceed from one topic to another or from one
genre (exposition, description, narration, argumentation) to
another. The change or shift in topic is simply marked by
transitional words. In the same manner, transitional devices are
used to show the relationship or connection between ideas in
sentences and paragraphs.
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
The following are some of these transitional words:
1. Additive Words – and, also, besides, moreover,
furthermore, in addition, additionally, too
2. Equivalent Words – as well as, at the same time,
equally, important, likewise, similarly
3. Amplifying Words – as, for example, for instance, in
fact, like, specifically, particularly, such as, that is, to
illustrate
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
The following are some of these transitional words:
4. Alternative Words – either / or, neither / nor, other
than, otherwise
5. Repetitive Words – again, to repeat, to reiterate, in
other words, that is
6. Contrastive and Change Words – but, conversely,
however, despite, even though, in the contrary,
regardless, still, though, while, yet
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
The following are some of these transitional words:
7. Conditional Words – if, provided that, unless, in the
event that
8. Emphasizing Words – above all, indeed, more
important/ly, of course
9. Sequential Words – finally, first, firstly, second, lastly,
then
TEXT AS CONNECTED
DISCOURSE
The following are some of these transitional words:
10. Temporal Words – afterwards, meanwhile, at the
meantime, before, after, previously, later, next, until
11. Summative/Summarizing Words – briefly, in brief, for
these reasons, in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up
12. Causative Words – because, because of, due to,
owing to, since, for this reason
READING IS
LIKE
BREATHING IN,
WRITING IS
LIKE PAM ALLYN
THANK YOU!
