DISCIPLINES

AND IDEAS IN
THE APPLIED
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
SPELLING BEE
Anthropology
Counselee
Countertransference
Psychology
Interpretation
1.Anthropology
2.Economics
3.Geography
4.History
5.Linguistic
6.Political Science
7.Psychology
8.Sociology
SOCIAL SCIENCES
AND APPLIED
SOCIAL SCIENCES;
DISCIPLINES OF
COUNSELING
 A branch of science which deals with
the study of society and the relationship
of individuals to their environment is
called Social Sciences or pure social
sciences. It has many branches which
include: Anthropology, Economics,
Geography, History, Linguistics,
Political Science, Psychology,
Sociology, and Demography.
 Anthropology refers to the
study of humans. As a social
science discipline, it examines all
aspects of human life and
culture. It seeks to understand
human origins and adaptation,
and the diversity of cultures and
worldviews.
 Economics studies the
production, distribution,
exchange, and consumption of
goods and services. It deals with
the optimum allocation of scarce
resources among its alternatives
to satisfy the unlimited human
wants and needs of the people
 Geography is the science of place. It is
the social science that studies the
distribution and arrangement of all
elements of the earth’s surface.
Geography studies not only the surface of
the earth but also the location and
distribution of its physical as well as
cultural features, the patterns that they
form, and the interrelation of these things
as they affect people.
 History is a study of the past,
principally how it relates to
humans. It describes or narrates
and analyzes human activities in
the past and the changes that
these had undergone. In its
broadest sense, history is the
totality of all past events.
 Linguistics is the scientific study of
language and its structure. It involves the
description of languages, the
investigation of their origin, the inquiry of
how children acquire language, and how
individuals learn languages other than
their own. Linguistics also deals with the
relationships between or among
languages and with the manner languages
change over time
 Political science is a
social science discipline that
studies systems of
government, and the
analysis of political activity
and behavior. It is the
systematic study of politics.
 Psychology is the scientific study
of behavior and mental processes. It is
“the scientific study of behavior and
the mind.” These cannot actually be
seen, only inferred from observable
behavior.” The term psychology comes
from two Greek words: ‘psyche,’ which
means “breath, spirit, or soul,” and
‘logos,’ 'the study of.'
 Sociology is the scientific
study of human social
relations or group life. It
primarily deals with social
interaction or the responses
of persons to each other.
 Demography is the
interdisciplinary study of the size,
growth, and distribution of human
populations. It examines statistics
such as births, deaths, income, or
the incidence of disease, which
illustrate the changing structure
of human populations.
Main areas of inquiry include
human population dynamics and
human population change. It also
involves the study of the
structure of populations and how
populations change over time
due to births, deaths, migration,
and aging.
 Applied Social Sciences also called
as practical social sciences are social
sciences that apply social scientific
theories and knowledge from social
sciences to the physical environment or
society. For instance, counseling applies
the theories of Psychology and other
helping professions to empower
individuals to make wise career choices.
Both basic or applied social science are required
for human development. However, applied social
sciences cannot stand on their right but instead,
relies on basic social sciences progress. In reality,
the industry and private organizations tend to
focus more on applied social sciences given their
practical value, while Higher Education
Institutions study both basic and applied social
sciences. There are three disciplines under
Applied Social Sciences, namely: Counseling,
Social Work, and Communication
INSTANCES
BREATH
CLIENT
SCOPE
ESSENTIAL
COUNSELIN
G
 Counseling comes from the Latin word
“Consilium” meaning plan, council, wisdom and
advice. Counseling is a profession and a helping
relationship that facilitates the development of
individuals, groups and families that are based
on the principle of empowerment that helps
achieve personal, social, educational and career
development. This is contrary to our shared
definition of counseling which focused advice
giving, but it more of a process which helps the
client (counselee) clarify and address problems
PEOPLE WHO USE
COUNSELING IN
THEIR WORK
A list of professionals who used counseling in their
work are the following:
❖ Counseling / Clinical Psychologists
❖ Welfare Workers
❖ Teachers
❖ Nurses, Health visitors, and midwives
❖ Occupational and speech therapists
❖ Social workers
❖ Physiotherapists
❖ Ministers of Religion
❖ Voluntary and Youth workers
 GOALS OF
COUNSELING
 Different individuals have various
issues and concerns in life. Their
reason for consulting a Counselor or a
Counseling Psychologist differs based
on their problems and concerns.
Why are people coming to see a
counselor or a counseling
psychologist? What is the goal of
counseling?
a. Facilitate change of
behavior - counseling has
specific goals, this specific
goal will help both of the
client and the counselor
understand what specific
change of behavior is desired.
b. Promote decision making - this
enables individual make critical
decisions but not to decide which
decisions the clients should make to
acquire understanding not only of
their abilities, opportunities, and
interests but also their emotions,
behavior, and attitudes that could
interfere their choices and decisions.
c. Enhance coping skills and
adjustment - There are a lot of
pressures in life that a person will
face in his/her lifetime. It is the goal
of counseling to empower individuals
that can enhance coping skills and
adjustment to be able to adapt and
survive in this complex society we are
living.
d. Improve relationship skills - Many
people go to a counselor because of poor
self-esteem or inadequate social skills,
some of them might be bullied by
classmates, and it is the goal of
counseling to help the client improve the
quality of life by becoming more effective
in teaching life skills and interpersonal
skills to improve relationships
e. Facilitate counselee or client potential -
one of the counseling goals is to help an
individual maximize his freedom and seek
individual’s effectiveness by giving him or
her control over his environment and/or
overcome. Counselors are working with
people with excessive smoking, depression,
and aggression they help them to take care
better of their clients holistically: physical,
psychological and spiritual.
 SCOPE OF
COUNSELING
Individual Counseling
Identity problems, relationships,
anxiety, depression, family problems,
behavior management, gender (identity
and sexuality), grief/bereavement,
relationships, sexual abuse recovery,
workplace stress and relationships, drug
abuse, eating disorders, HIV, spirituality,
status and middle age syndrome.
Marital and Pre-marital Counseling
Marital and relationship dynamics,
Relationship and fertility issues.
 Family Counseling
Children and adult behaviors,
divorce/annulment and separation
problems and adjustments, family
problems, life stages, transitions, parenting
and remarriage relationship counseling.
PRINCIPLES
OF
COUNSELING
a. Listening skills - This is the number
one skill that a counselor should always
consider in a counseling process. When
listening attentively to the client to show
that we are interested and we respect
him/her whatever situation he/she have
right now. This will result in emphatic
understanding and can exploit develop a
positive and healthy interaction with the
client.
b. Resistance - human behavior
is very complex, and people
respond to things differently. It
is important for counselors not
to take client’s resistance
personally since some resistance
to therapeutic change is natural.
c. Respect - Counselor should have respect for
his/her client no matter how weird, strange,
peculiar, different the customer is with you. A
counselor should be neutral and must be
objective no matter what. There are times that
the counselor do not like the customer, in that
case, a counselor must put away personal
feelings and treat the client with respect. A
counselor should always see him/herself on the
client’s situation, trying to put his shoe on the
shoes of his/her client.
d. Empathy or Unconditional Positive
Regard - This is based on the writings of Carl
Rogers, these two principles go along with
particular and effective listening skills.
Empathy requires listening and
understanding client’s feeling and their
perspective. This principle should be part of
the counselor’s characteristics since the
success of counselee-counselor relationship
will depend on the quality of rapport built
along the process.
e. Clarification, confrontation, and
interpretation - These principles are techniques of
therapeutic intervention that are advanced.
Clarification is an attempt by the therapist to restate
what the client is either saying or feeling so the
client may learn something or understand the issue
better. Confrontation is a skill that can assist clients
to increase their self-awareness that can be used to
highlight discrepancies that clients have been
previously unaware of while interpretation is when
the counselor tries to interpret the client’s situation
based on noting and reflection of their story.
f. Transference and Counter-
transference - a process somewhat
related to projection. It is important to
understand transference reactions for
this help the client gain more
understanding of important aspects of
their emotional life. Counter-transference
refers to the emotional and perceptional
reactions the counselor has towards the
client
EMPOWER
ME!
1.In our discussion on counseling goals,
counseling aims to empower the client
by helping him/her to change his/her
behavior, make wise decisions in life,
ability to cope to his/her environment
and improve relationship skills. What
do you think about this statement? Do
you accept or support it? How will it
empower you? Explain your answer.
2. If you will be given the chance to be one of
the practitioners of counseling, how are you
going to assist individuals, groups, or
communities involved in difficult situations like
post-disaster, court hearing about separation of
celebrity couple and cyber bullying? Show
through writing your understanding of the
basic concepts of counseling and apply it to
only one situation stated above. Write your
thoughts in your notebook with at least one
paragraph containing not less than 100 words.
NAME THAT
PRINCIPLE!
Directions
Among the six principles that we discussed
namely; listening skills, resistance, respect,
empathy or unconditional positive regard,
clarification, confrontation, and interpretation,
transference and counter-transference, which
will you choose to represent the most?
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
DIRECTIONS: Copy and complete
the chart below. Classify the
following disciplines and categorize
them if they belong to the Social
Sciences or to the Applied Social
Sciences. Write your answer in a
piece of bondpaper
 We have discussed six principles
namely; listening skills, resistance,
respect, empathy or unconditional
positive regard, clarification,
confrontation, and interpretation,
transference and counter-transference,
how will you represent each?
◦Counseling, Function
◦Communication
◦Social Work,
◦Roles
◦ Advice
◦Practitioners
◦Applied
◦ Counselor
◦Counselee.
PROFESSIONALS
AND
PRACTITIONERS
IN COUNSELING
 ROLES OF
COUNSELORS
FUNCTIONS OF
COUNSELORS
 AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION
WHERE
COUNSELORS
WORK
“MYSELF AS
A
COUNSELOR”
 “MYSELF AS A COUNSELOR”
1. In a piece of paper, write a reflection paper titled
“Myself as a Counselor”.
2. Include in your reflection paper what specific field of
counseling you will specialize and what approach you
will use if ever.
3. You are to write your reflection paper in paragraph
form and must contain not less than 300 words.
4. Your performance will be graded using the rubrics
attached below.
DISCIPLINES
AND IDEAS IN
THE APPLIED
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
1. "I’m _____ to listen, and together
we’ll find a way through this."
A. hearing
B. here
C. hear
D. hare
2. "You don’t have to face this alone;
_____ take it one step at a time."
A. we’ll
B. well’
C. well
D. will
3. "Your feelings are valid, and it’s okay
____ take your time to process them."
A. for you
B. for
C. again
D. to
4. "You’ve already shown so _____
strength by reaching out for help."
A. much
B. so many
C. many
D. some
5. "Even in tough times, there’s always a
path forward—we’ll work on ______ it
together."
A. founded
B. found
C. finding
D. founding
 OBJECTIVES
a.identify the goals and scope of social work;
b.explain the principles and core values of social work;
c.identify specific work areas in which social workers
work;
d.value rights, responsibilities, and accountabilities; and
e.distinguish between ethical and unethical behaviors
among practitioners
SOCIAL WORK
 WHAT IS
SOCIAL WORK?
 Social work defined as a
profession which is primarily
concerned with organized social
service activity that aimed at
facilitating and strengthening
basic social relationships and the
mutual adjustment between
individuals and their social
 Social Welfare defined as a
state of well-being of people in the
society. It has two views, namely:
residual and institutional. (Melendez,
2018) The residual and institutional
models are two different approaches
in addressing social welfare issues,
such as poverty, hunger and health
problems, with the government
 The residual model
generally holds that the
government should be involved
in social welfare only as a last
resort safety net when other
avenues fail while the
institutional model favors
continuing intervention as
 Social development is about
putting people at the center of
development. This means a
commitment that development
processes need to benefit people,
particularly but not only the poor, but
also a recognition that people, and
the way they interact in groups and
society, and the norms that facilitates
GOAL
The main goal of social
work is to improve
society’s overall well-
being, especially for
the most vulnerable
SCOPE
 A basic goal of social work is to
facilitate the “social well-being” and
“social functioning” of the “person-in-
environment”. Each of the key concepts in
this statement is essential to the
understanding of the scope of social work.
The World Health Organization (W.H.O)
recognized social well-being as an integral
component of a person’s overall state of
health, complementary to, but different
Social functioning refers to the way people
perform their social roles and the way
societies provide structural supports to
help them perform their roles. The person-
in-environment perspective recognizes the
impact of societal systems such as natural
support networks and the formal
structures within communities that may
enhance or inhibit individual social well-
being. At the core of social practice, these
However, depending on the chosen
area of practice, the roles and
responsibilities of social workers can
widely vary. For this reason, it is
proposed that this scope of practice
statement be more clearly defined, to
effectively examine the bounds of the
social work profession. The scope of
social work has several defining
 CORE
VALUES
Core Values According to NASW Social
Work of Ethics, the six core values of
social work are:

1.Service – to provide help, resources,

and benefits to help people achieve
maximum potential.
2. Social Justice – to uphold equal
rights, protection, opportunity, social
4. Importance of human
relationships – to value the
exchange between so worker
and client.
5. Integrity – maintain
trustworthiness.
6. Competence – practice
 WHAT IS
SOCIAL WORK?
GOAL
SCOPE
 CORE
VALUES
Core Values According to NASW Social
Work of Ethics, the six core values of
social work are:

1.Service – to provide help, resources,

and benefits to help people achieve
maximum potential.
2. Social Justice – to uphold equal
rights, protection, opportunity, social
4. Importance of human
relationships – to value the
exchange between so worker
and client.
5. Integrity – maintain
trustworthiness.
6. Competence – practice
Focus of Social Work: Social
)Functioning Social functioning
relates to “fulfill one’s roles in
society in general, to those in the
immediate environment, and to
oneself. These functions include
meeting one’s basic needs and
those of one’s dependents and
Functions of Social Work
a) Restorative – this includes
restoration of impaired capacities
either curative/remedial and/or
rehabilitative
b) Development – this includes
providing individual and psychosocial
resources.
c) Preventive – this refers to
PRINCIPLES OF
SOCIAL WORK
1. Acceptance – Manifested in
the professional relationship
through the expression of
genuine concern, receptive
listening, intentional responses
that acknowledge the other
person’s point of view, and the
2. Affirming individuality – This means
recognizing and “appreciating the
unique qualities of the client,” are
starting where the client is. It requires
the professional to a) accept the client
without bias and prejudice; b) avoiding
labeling and stereotyping (e.g. referring
to a client as “deviant” or abnormal; c)
recognize and appreciate diversity (e.g.
in lifestyles, values, sexual orientation,
3. Purposeful expression of
feelings – Social workers
provide opportunities for
clients to express their
feelings freely without fear
of rejection, censure or any
form of negative sanction.
4. Non-judgementalism
– This requires social
workers to assume a non-
blaming attitude and
behavior, to avoid
concluding that others
5. Objectivity – This
requires social workers
to examine situations
and clients in a manner
that is not colored by
personal feelings, biases
6. Controlled emotional
involvement – This has three
components:
a) sensitivity to express or
unexpressed feelings;
b) understand based on
knowledge of human behavior
c) response guided by knowledge
7. Self-determination – This is
based on the recognition of the
right and need of clients to
freely decide/make their
choices. As social workers, we
have the responsibility to create
a working relationship where
8. Access to Resources – Social
workers have the responsibility to
ensure that clients have or linked
to the necessary resources,
services and opportunities; “to pay
attention to expanding choices, and
opportunities for the oppressed and
disadvantaged; and to advocate for
FUNCTION OF
A SOCIAL
WORKER
1. Engagement – “The social
worker must first engage the
client in early meetings to
promote a collaborative
relationship”. This is where
malpractice liability exposure,
cyber liability exposure, and
2. Assessment – “Data must be
gathered that will guide and direct a
plan of action to help the client”. This
is important core function from
insurance perspective. When
information is documented, these
records become client record subject
to recent Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996
3. Planning – “Negotiate
and formulate an action
plan”
4. Implementation –
“Promote resources
acquisition and enhance
5.
Monitoring/Evaluation
– “On-going
documentation through
short-term goal
attainment of the extent
6. Supportive
Counseling –
“Affirming,
challenging,
encouraging,
7. Graduated
Disengagement –
Seeking to replace the
social worker with a
naturally occurring
resources”
 ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITI
ES OF SOCIAL
WORK
ROLES OF A
SOCIAL
WORKER
Broker
The social worker is involved in
the process of making referrals to
link a family or person to needed
resources. Social work professionals
do not simply provide information.
They also follow up to be sure the
needed resources are attained. This
requires knowing resources,
Advocate
In this role, social workers fight for the
rights of others and work to obtain needed
resources by convincing others of the
legitimate needs and rights of members of
society. Social workers are particularly
concerned for those who are vulnerable or
are unable to speak up for themselves.
Advocacy can occur on the local, county,
state or national level. Some social workers
Case Manager
Case managers are involved in
locating services and assisting their
clients to access those services.
Case management is especially
important for complex situations and
for those who are homeless or
elderly, have chronic physical or
mental health issues, are disabled,
Educator
Social Workers are often
involved in teaching people
about resources and how to
develop particular skills such as
budgeting, the caring discipline
of children, effective
communication, the meaning of
Facilitator
In this role, social workers are
involved in gathering groups of
people together for a variety of
purposes including community
development, self-advocacy,
political organization, and policy
change. Social workers are
Organizer
Social Workers are
involved in many levels of
community organization and
action including economic
development, union
organization, and research
Manager
Social Workers, because of their
expertise in a wide variety of
applications, are well suited to
work as managers and supervisors
in almost any setting. As managers,
they are better able to influence
policy change and/or development,
RESPONSIBILITI
ES OF A SOCIAL
WORKER
1.Counsel individuals, groups or
families
2. Maintain case histories and
prepare reports
3. Serve as liaison between schools,
hospitals or government agencies
and individuals or families
4. Advocate for clients or patients
5. Develop and review
service plans in
consultation with clients
6. Investigate client
issues and propose a plan
for resolution
 AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION WHERE
SOCIAL WORKER CAN
WORK AND CAREER
OPPORTUNITIES
Mental Health
A master’s degree is not always
required to enter into the field of social
work; however, it can be of the utmost
benefit, especially when going into the
mental health sector. When a person has
the desire to perform clinical services, a
master’s degree is required, as well as the
appropriate type of licensure. In this line
of work, a person will provide a wide array
Medical/Public Health
There has always been, and will
always be, a high demand for social
workers who work in the medical field.
There are many settings that a person
can find employment in as a medical
social worker, including hospitals,
nursing homes, assisted living facilities,
substance abuse treatment centers,
home health agencies and more. In this
Child Welfare
Many people who enter into
the field of social work do so
with the intentions of becoming
a child welfare worker. This
line of work is often one that is
emotionally demanding as well
Child welfare workers are often
on-call all hours of the day.
They must meet with clients
and report changes and
updates to judges on a regular
basis. The custody
arrangements of the cases they
Substance Abuse
Another common area
specialization found in the field
of social work is substance
abuse. Choosing to enter this
sub-specialty can land a person
a job in any of the following
▪ Juvenile detention
centers
▪ Mental health ▪ Non-profit
centers organizations
▪ Substance
Thoseabuse ▪ Prisons
who choose to become a
treatment
social facilities who
worker ▪ Jails
specializes in
substance abuse spend their time
helping those who have become
addicted to drugs. The true value of
School Social Work
Another common
specialization found in social work
is that of school social work. As a
school social worker, a person will
work as a mediator between
students, teachers and students’
families to make sure everyone is
on the same page. Many times, a
▪ Crisis intervention
▪ Behavioral intervention
programs
▪ Health education
▪ Sexual education
 Workplace of a Social Worker
Social workers typically in the following

✓ Hospitals and clinics

settings:

✓ Nursing Homes
✓ Community mental health clinics
✓ Private practices
✓ State and local governments
✓ Schools
✓ Colleges and Universities
✓ Substance Abuse clinics
Directions: Write the
name of your crush if
you agree with the
statement and write
your own name if you
 ENUMERATION
1-3 Types of Clientele:
4-6 Methods of Gathering data
7-8 Types of data needed
9-10 The type of health information
that is most appropriate and
‘impactful’ will be influenced by the
characteristics of your target
audience, includes the following.
ENUMERATION:
Types of Clientele:
1.Individuals
2. Groups and Organization
3. Community
Methods of Gathering data
4. Interviews, focus groups, and surveys:
5. Listening sessions and public forums
6. Direct or participatory observation
Types of data needed
7. Qualitative data
8. Quantitative data
 The type of health information
that is most appropriate and
‘impactful’ will be influenced by the
characteristics of your target
audience, including their gender,
ethnicity, culture, age, disability,
sexuality, lifestyle,
communication needs, location,
health literacy, socio-economic
1.Is communication
important in our
society? Why?
2. How are you going
to start a
 THE DISCIPLINE
OF
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATIO
N
 Communication is
the process of sending and
receiving messages through
verbal and/or nonverbal
means—speech (oral
communication), writing
(written communication),
 GOALS
COMMUNICATIO
N
To change behavior
To get action
To ensure
understanding
To persuade
To get and give
 SCOPE OF
COMMUNICATIO
N
 Communication in
personal life
 Communication in social
life
 THE 7 C’S OF
THE
PRINCIPLES OF
COMMUNICATIO
N
 Completen
ess  Clarity
 Concreten  Considerat
ess ion
 Courtesy  Concisene
 Correctne ss
 Completeness
The message must be complete and
geared to the receiver’s perception of
the world. The message must be based
on facts and a complex message needs
additional information and/ or
explanation. A good subdivision of
subjects will clarify the message as a
result of which there will be a
 Concreteness
Concrete business
communication is also about a
clear message. This is often
supported by factual material
such as research data and
figures. The words used as well
as the sentence structure can be
 Courtesy
In addition to considering the
feelings and points of view of the target
group, it is also important to approach the
audience in a friendly and courteous
manner. Use of terms that show respect for
the receiver contribute towards effective
communication. The same goes for the
manner in which you address someone. Not
everyone will be charmed if you use a
familiar form of address and use of a formal
 Correctness
A correct use of language has
the preference. In written business
communication, grammatical errors
must be avoided and stylistic lapses
or a wrong use of verbs are not
sufficient either in verbal
communication. A correct use of
language increases trustworthiness
 Clarity
Clear or plain language is
characterized by explicitness, short
sentences and concrete words. Fuzzy
language is absolutely forbidden, as
are formal language and cliché
expressions. By avoiding parentheses
and keeping to the point, the receiver
will get a clear picture of the content
 Consideration
Communicating with the
target group (Consideration). In
order to communicate well, it is
important to relate to the target
group and be involved. By taking
the audience into account, the
message can be geared towards
them. Factors that play a role in this
 Conciseness
A message is clear when the
storyline is consistent and when this
does not contain any inconsistencies.
When facts are mentioned, it is
important that there is consistent,
supporting information. Systematically
implementing a certain statement or
notation also contributes to clear
BASIC ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS