Introduction
Plants have cells as the basic unit, cells are organized
into tissues and in turn the tissues are organized into
organs
What are tissues?
A group of cells having common origin and
performing the same function are called tissues.
Slide 1
Word Tissue was coined by N. Grew.
Tissues
Contd..
Plant Tissues are of two types:
1. Meristematic tissues – Actively dividing
2. Permanent tissues – Lost ability to divide.
Slide 2
Tissues
Contd..
Slide 3
Meristematic
Tissues
1. They are immature and continuously dividing.
2. The cells are spherical or polygonal in shape
3. There is no intercellular spaces.
4. Dense cytoplasm and vacuoles are small or absent.
5. Nucleus is prominent and in the interphase stage
6. No storage material is present.
7. Cell wall is thin and cellulosic.
Slide 4
Types of meristems based on
origin
•The meristematic cells give
rise to all other types of cells
in the plant body.
•Based on their origin, they
are of two types:
i) primary meristem
ii) secondary Slide 5
meristem.
Types of meristems based on
origin
Primary Meristems:
•The meristematic tissues which are
derived directly from the meristems
of the embryo (Promeristems) are
called primary meristems.
Apical Meristem
•The meristems which occur at the
tips of roots and shoots and produce Slide 6
primary tissues are called apical
Types of meristems based on
origin
Intercalary Meristem
•It occurs between mature tissues in
grasses and regenerates parts
removed by the grazing herbivores.
•It helps in the elongation of plant
organs.
•It is commonly found at the base of
leaves, above the nodes (e.g., Slide 7
grasses), or below the nodes (e.g.,
Meristematic Tissues
Contd..
Slide 8
Types of meristems based on
origin
Secondary Meristem
•The meristem that occurs in the mature regions of
roots and shoots of many plants, particularly appear
later than primary meristem is called the secondary or
lateral meristem.
•The activity of lateral meristem increases the girth of
plant organs.
•By the activity of secondary meristems, secondary
Slide 9
growth takes place.
Types of meristems based on
origin
• The vascular cambium and cork cambium are
secondary meristems that are formed in stems and
roots after the tissues of the primary plant body have
differentiated.
• The cork cambium originates in peripheral portion of
stem later in plant life. Increases thickness of plant
and serves as protective tissue.
Slide 10
Types of meristems based on
origin
•Vascular cambium (intrafascicular and interfascicular
cambium) and cork-cambium are examples of lateral
meristems.
•These are responsible for producing the secondary
tissues or woody axis.
Slide 11
Types of meristems based on
origin
Slide 12
Permanent
Tissues
What are permanent tissues?
•They are cells that are derived from meristems and
have lost the ability to divide.
•Cells are fully differentiated.
•Cells take up permanent shape, size and specific roles.
•They may be living or dead.
•The cells may be thin walled or thick walled.
Slide 13
Permanent
Tissues
Slide 14
Simple
Tissues
What are simple permanent tissue?
•They are composed of similar type of cells which
have common origin and function.
•single cell type (homogenous)
Simple tissues are of the following types:
1. Parenchyma
2. Collenchyma
3. Sclerenchyma Slide 15
Parenchy
ma
Characteristics
1. They are spherical, round or polygonal in
appearance.
2. Cell wall is thin and cellulosic
3. Large central vacuole and peripheral cytoplasm
and prominent nucleus.
4. Intercellular spaces may be present or absent.
Slide 16
5. Performs photosynthesis, storage and secretion.
Types of Parenchyma
Tissue
Typical
parenchyma
Slide 17
Aerenchyma Chlorenchym
Parenchy
ma
Types of Parenchyma:
•Parenchyma is modified to perform various functions
like photosynthesis, storage, secretion.
Chlorenchyma-
•Parenchyma cells containing chloroplast. It helps in
manufacturing food. The chlorenchyma of leaves is
called mesophyll.
•It is differentiated into palisade and spongy Slide 18
parenchyma.
Parenchy
ma
Aerenchyma:
•Found in aquatic plants and some land plants (e.g.,
petiole of banana, Canna).
•It contains a network of parenchyma cells that enclose
very large air cavities. These air cavities store gases
and make the aquatic plants light and buoyant.
Storage Parenchyma- It is made up of large-sized
vacuolated cells which store water, mucilage, and
Slide 19
food, e.g., Aloe, Opuntia.
Parenchyma-
Functions
Storage of food.
Photosynthesis in form of chlorenchyma.
Providing buoyancy in form of aerenchyma.
Providing turgidity to softer parts.
Protection in form of the epidermis.
Formation of water-absorbing epiblema.
Lateral conduction in form of xylem and phloem.
Regeneration and healing. Slide 20
Collenchyma-
Structure
•Spherical , oval or polygonal in shape
•Cell walls are irregularly thickened with deposition of
hemicellulose, cellulose and pectin
•Intercellular spaces absent
•Contain chloroplasts and assimilate carbon
•They are present in the hypodermis of leaf and stem
Slide 21
Types of Collenchyma
Based on deposition of pectin
Types
a. Angular
b. Lacunar
c. Lamellar
Lamella
r
Angular Slide 22
Lacuna
r
Collenchyma-
Functions
•It provides the mechanical support, protection,
flexibility and elasticity to the plant's organs.
•It allows easy bending in various parts of the plant
(leaf, stem) without breaking.
•When cells of collenchyma's contain some
chloroplasts, they manufacture sugar and starch
Slide 23
Sclerenchyma-
Structure
•Long , narrow tapering at the ends.
•Cells are dead at maturity and do not
contain cytoplasm or nucleus.
•Cell is lignified.
Types :
1. Fibre-Thick walled elongated and
tapering. fibres obtained from
Slide 24
plants are usually sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma-
Structure
2. Sclerieds or stone cells –
•Spherical, oval and highly
thickened.
•These are commonly found in
the fruit walls of nuts; pulp of
fruits like guava, pear, and
sapota; seed coats of legumes
Slide 25
and leaves of tea.
Function
s
•Sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to
organs.
•Sclereids provide strength to seed coverings.
•Sclereids form the stony endocarp of many fruits
called stone fruits, e.g., Almond. Slide 26
Complex
Tissues
The complex tissue consists of more than one type of
cell having a common origin. All these cells coordinate
to perform a common function.
Complex tissues are of two types: Xylem and phloem.
Xylem and phloem are both conducting tissues and also
known as vascular tissues; together both them
constitute vascular bundles.
Slide 27
Complex
Tissues
Slide 28
Xylem
Tissue
Xylem is a vascular and mechanical tissue.
Xylem is composed of cells of four different types:
1. Tracheids 2. Vessels or tracheae
3. Xylem parenchyma 4. Xylem sclerenchyma (or
fibers).
Except xylem parenchyma, all other elements are dead
and bounded by thick lignified wall.
Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures. Slide 29
Xylem
Tissue
Functions of Xylem:
•The main function of xylem is to carry water and
mineral salts upward from the root to different parts
of shoots, hence also called water conducting tissue.
•Since walls of tracheid's, vessels and sclerenchyma
of xylem are lignified, they give mechanical strength
to the plant body.
•The parenchyma stores food and helps in the Slide 30
sideway conduction of water.
Xylem Tissue
Contd..
Slide 31
Types of
xylem
•(i) primary xylem and (ii) Secondary xylem - The
primary xylem originates from the primary meristem
and the secondary xylem originating from the
secondary meristem.
•The first formed primary xylem elements are called
Slide 32
Protoxylem and the later formed primary xylem is
Conditions of
xylem
•In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and
metaxylem lies towards the center. Such arrangement of
primary xylem is called exarch or centripetal.
•In stems, the protoxylem lies towards the center (pith) and
the metaxylem lies towards the periphery. This type of
primary xylem is called endarch.
Slide 33
Phloem Tissue:
•Phloem transports food materials, usually from leaves
to other parts of the plant.
•Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube
elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and
phloem fibers.
•Both sieve tubes and companion cells are absent in
gymnosperms. Sieve tubes don’t have Nucleus.
Slide 34
•Phloem is a complex tissue made up of living cells,
except for phloem fibers.
Phloem Tissue
Contd..
• Complex tissue that
has the following cell
types:
1. Sieve tubes
2. Companion cells
3. Phloem parenchyma
4. Phloem Slide 35
sclerenchyma
Types of Phloem:
• The first formed
primary phloem
consists of narrow
sieve tubes and is
referred to as
protophloem and the
later formed phloem
Slide 36
has bigger sieve tubes
Function of Phloem:
Function of Phloem:
• Phloem transports (conducts)
photosynthetically prepared food materials
from the leaves to the storage organs and
later from storage organs to the growing
regions of the plant body.
Slide 37
Protective tissues
Protective tissues:
•Protective tissues are a part of plant tissue
system. Protective tissues include
• epidermis and
• cork
Slide 38
Epidermal Tissue
System
•The outer most covering of root, stem and leaves.
•Rectangular or barrel shaped cells arranged as one
layer .
•They are parenchyma cells with a large vacuole
and nucleus.
•Outside it is covered by cuticle(wax), but absent in
roots.
Slide 39
•Epidermal hairs are extensions of the epidermal
Epidermal Tissue System
Contd..
Trichomes Stomata Slide 40
Epidermal Tissue System
Contd..
•The epidermal hairs or trichomes of aerial parts may
be branched or unbranched, soft or stiff.
•Trichomes help in preventing water loss due to
transpiration.
•Richomes may be secretory like aromatic glandular in
Citrus, Ocimum and Mint and digestive in
Slide 41
insectivorous plants.
Epidermal Tissue System
Contd..
•In leaves epidermal system has stomata
(amphistomatic – both the surfaces or hypostomatic –
only under side)
•Each stomata has :
1. Stoma – opening
2. Guard cells –
dumbbell shaped in monocots and bean shaped
Slide 42
in dicots.
Epidermal Tissue System
Contd..
Slide 43
Epidermal Tissue
Functions:
The function of epidermis is the protection of plant from
injury and infection.
Cuticle of epidermis also helps to reduce water loss by
evaporation to prevent dessication.
Stomata present in the epidermis allow gaseous
exchange to occur during photosynthesis and
respiration.
It also facilitates transpiration. Slide 44
Cork or phellem:
Cork cells are dead cells without having intercellular spaces.
They appear at the periphery of roots and stems when they
grow older and increase in girth.
They also have a chemical called suberin in their walls that
makes them impervious to gases and water.
Functions of Cork:
The function of cork in plant body is to provide protection. It
protects plants from external injury and infection.
Slide 45
It also prevents dessication.
