DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY
GAFAT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER
RESOURCES ENGINEERING
Water Resources Planning and Management
Title: Concepts of System and System Analysis
Prepared By: Group One
Outline
Introduction
Objective functions
Constraints
Optimization
Simulation
System and system analysis
Introduction
Objective:Introduce key concepts of systems, system analysis,
optimization, and simulation, focusing on water resources systems.
Scope:
Hydrological system applications like water resource
management, flood control, and aquifer management.
Objective Functions
Objective Function;The goal or purpose that a system is designed to
achieve.
Importance: Guides decision-making and system operation.
Examples:
o Water Resource Management: Maximize water for irrigation while
ensuring sustainability for hydropower.
o Flood Control: Minimize flood peaks during heavy rains.
o Aquifer Management: Maintain sustainable groundwater levels.
Constraints
Constraints: Limitations or restrictions that affect system performance.
Types of Constraints:
o Physical laws
o Resource availability
o Regulatory requirements
Examples in Water Resources:
o Total available water supply
o Maximum allowable water use
Optimization
Optimization: The process of finding the best solution while adhering
to constraints.
Purpose:Maximize or minimize objectives like cost, efficiency, or
performance.
Example in Water Resources:
o Reservoirmanagement to balance irrigation, hydropower, and
ecosystem sustainability.
Simulation
Simulation: A modeling technique used to evaluate system performance
under various conditions.
Purpose: Analyze system behavior when optimization isn’t feasible.
Application: Used to evaluate complex water resources systems (e.g.,
reservoir performance over time).
Helps understand near-optimal solutions, but does not directly optimize.
For example, one can simulate the performance of a reservoir for 50 years,
based on given operating rules, to determine the sequence of annual
irrigation and hydropower benefits.
Simulation
Components of Simulation Models Steps in Simulation
Inputs: Variables like irrigation demand, Step 1: Break down the system into subsystems
evaporation rate, reservoir inflow. with linked connections.
Step 2: Develop computer models for subsystems
Physical Relationships: Governing
and data flow.
equations linking system variables (e.g.,
Step 3: Verify the model with known
soil moisture, reservoir storage).
inputs/outputs.
Operating Rules: Policies governing Step 4: Accept new inputs and simulate system
system operations (e.g., reservoir release
performance.
policies).
Application: Used for direct (e.g., irrigation
Outputs: Results such as water release for allocation) and inverse (e.g., determining aquifer
irrigation, hydropower, etc.
Simulation Runs
Simulation Runs: Multiple simulations to generate system
performance data.
Response Surface: Represents how input changes impact system
output.
The response surface can be steep or flat, indicating the sensitivity of
the system to input changes.
Simulation does not guarantee global optimal solutions, but it helps
identify near-optimal zones.
System
Basic Concept: A system connects two or more components that
interact to produce outputs from inputs.
(Dooge, 1973): "Any structure, apparatus, plan, or process that
connects an input to an output within a specific time frame."
Examples:
o River basin and tributaries
o University with multiple departments
o Government with regional administrations
System Analysis
System analaysis: A formal approach to understanding and optimizing
system functions.
Purpose: Used in scenarios requiring efficient use of resources (e.g.,
water distribution).
Techniques: Includes quantitative planning, optimization methods,
and decision-making.
Cont…..
Types of Models:
o Descriptive Models: How the system functions.
o Prescriptive Models: How the system should be designed to meet
goals.
Examples:
o optimalagricultural water distribution to numerous competing crops,
under conditions of limited water supply
