CTC 450 Review
Water
Quality
CTC 450
Water
Distribution Systems
Objectives
Understand water & pressure requirements Know the basics of providing water for fire protection requirements Understand the layout of water distribution systems Understand the basics of well construction and intake structures Understand the basic types of pipes Understand the basic types of valves
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Water Requirements
Yearly
average consumption is 110 gallons per person per day. Consumption is highly variable Design of water systems must account for variation in municipal water consumption and water needed for fighting fires
Needed Fire Flow (NFF)
Rate
of water flow required for fire fighting to confine a major fire to the building within a block or other group complex with minimal loss.
NFF Calculation
Based
on construction, occupancy, exposure and communication of each building in a building complex (see section starting on page 164)
Practical Limits
Flow range could be 500 gpm (minimum) to 3500 gpm Automatic sprinklers are effective and minimize flows that must be required
Water Supply Capacity
Gravity
system is preferable (more reliable) Pumping systems should be designed for reliability (electrical supply should be provided by 2 separate lines from different directions)
Distribution System
Systems
should be made redundant by interconnecting pipes into loops. Valves should be placed to allow repairs with minimal disruption to surrounding Fire hydrants should be installed at locations convenient for the fire department
Sources of Water
Well Construction via drilling-hydraulic rotary or cable-tool percussion
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Surface-Water Intakes (rivers, lakes or reservoirs)
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Piping Network
Networks
consist of storage reservoirs, main, booster pumping stations, fire hydrants and service lines Provide redundancy via grids and loops
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Service Connections
Corporation
Stop connection from the distribution main (can be connected while the main is pressurized and in service-see page 177)
Installation
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Kinds of Pipe
Ductile
iron Plastic (HDPE/PVC) Concrete Steel Residential (copper or plastic)
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Pipe Strength
Different
pipes have different sizes and thicknesses Must use correct pipe to handle trench depth, bedding type, and live loads Must place pipe below the frost line to prevent freezing/breakage
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Joints
Compression Mechanical Flanged Solvent Soldered
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Distribution Storage
Use
consumption curves to determine storage needed Look closely at Example 6-3
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Valves
Gate/Butterfly/Swing Check
(flow in one direction) Automatic Pressure-Reducing Valves Solenoid
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Gate Valve
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Butterfly Valve
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Swing Valve
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Fire Hydrants
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Evaluating Distribution Systems Quantity
Supply
+ storage must meet current daily demands (& future anticipated demands 10 years in the future
Reservoirs should have 30-day storage capacity Wells should not mine water
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Evaluating Distribution Systems Intake Capacity
Intake
structures
must be designed large enough to handle demand Must be reliable
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Evaluating Distribution Systems Pumping Capacity
Pumps
(should be reliable)
From source to water treatment plant From water treatment plant clear-well to distribution system Booster pumping stations
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Evaluating Distribution Systems Piping Network
Design
life 40-50 years (actual 50-100) Large mains -12 Submains-6 or 8
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