CONTEMPORARY

WORLD

GLOBALIZATION
 Globalization
- Globalization means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of
human beings, goods, services, capital, technologies, or cultural practices)
all over the planet.
- It promotes and increases interactions between different regions and
populations around the globe.

- Most agree that globalization rests upon, or simply is, the growth in
international exchange of goods, services, and capital, and the
increasing levels of integration that characterize economic
activity.

- Globalization, in this sense, is only another word for

What is Globalization
- Globalization is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information,
goods, and services spread around the world.

- In business, it describes integrated economies marked by free

trade, free capital flow, and access to foreign resources, including labor
markets, to maximize returns and benefit for the common good.

- Globalization is driven by the convergence of cultural and

economic systems, promoting interaction, integration, and
interdependence among nations.
"How Globalization Works"
- In a globalized economy, countries specialize in the products
and services they have a competitive advantage in.
- This specialization allows for more efficient production, lower
costs, widespread economic growth, and benefits for all
countries.

-Policies that promote free trade, open borders, and

international cooperation drive economic globalization. They
enable international businesses to access lower priced raw
materials and parts, take advantage of lower cost labor
markets, and access larger and growing markets around the
world in which to sell their goods and services.
-Technology advances in transportation and
telecommunications enable and accelerate
globalization, facilitating swift flows of money,
products, materials, information, and people across
borders.
 "Technological Changes Driving
Globalization"
1. Internet and internet communication:
- The internet has increased the sharing and flow of information
and knowledge, access to ideas, and the exchange of culture among
people of different countries.
- It has contributed to closing the digital divide between more and
less advanced countries.

2. Communication technology:
- The introduction of 4G and 5G technologies has dramatically
increased the speed and responsiveness of mobile and wireless
networks.
 3. Transportation:
- Advances in air transport and fast rail technology have facilitated the
movement of people and products.
- Changes in shipping logistics technology have made it possible to
move raw materials, parts, and finished products around the globe
more efficiently.
4. Manufacturing:
- Advances in manufacturing, such as automation and 3D printing,
have reduced geographic constraints in production.
- 3D printing enables digital designs to be sent anywhere and
physically printed, making distributed, smaller-scale production near
the point of consumption easier.
- Automation speeds up processes and supply chains, giving
workforces more flexibility and improving output.
"Importance of Globalization"
- Globalization changes the way nations, businesses, and people interact.

- It expands trade, opens global supply chains, and provides access to

natural resources and labor markets.

- Globalization promotes the cultural exchange of ideas by removing

geographic, political, and economic barriers.

- Businesses benefit from globalization by finding cheaper raw materials

and parts, more skilled or cost-effective labor, and efficient product
development.

- Increased trade promotes international competition, spurs innovation,

 There are many types of exchange that globalization facilitates that can
have positive and negative effects.

• Positive Effects:
⚬ Exchange of people and goods across borders brings fresh ideas and
boosts businesses.
⚬ Promotes international collaboration and technological advancements.
• Negative Effects:
⚬ Increases the spread of diseases.
⚬ Promotes ideas that might destabilize political economies.

• For example, increased international trade and travel in the late 1990s
led to
West Nile Virus being introduced to North America, likely as a result of
infected
History of Globalization

• Globalization is not a twentieth-century phenomenon but has

been ongoing for millennia.

• Key historical examples:

⚬ Roman Empire
⚬ Silk Road trade
⚬ Pre-World War I investments
⚬ Post-World War II efforts
History of Globalization
The Roman Empire. Going back to 600 B.C., the Roman Empire
spread its
economic and governing systems through significant portions of the
ancient world for centuries.

Silk Road trade. These trade routes, which date from 130 B.C. to
1453 A.D .,
represented another wave of globalization. They brought merchants,
goods and travelers from China, through Central Asia and the Middle
East, to Europe.
• Pre-World War I. European countries made significant
investments overseas in the decades before World War I. The
period from 1870 to 1914 is called the golden age of globalization.

• Post-World War II. The United States led the effort to create a
global economic system with a set of broadly accepted
international rules. Multinational institutions were established such
as the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank
and World Trade Organization to promote international cooperation
and free trade.
 Technological Advancements in the
• The term 1980s
"globalization" as it is used today gained prominence in the
1980s, reflecting several technological advancements that increased
international interactions.
• IBM introduced the personal computer in 1981, revolutionizing access to
technology and enabling greater communication and information sharing
worldwide.
• The evolution of the modern internet further enhanced international trade,
commerce, and global connectivity, allowing businesses and individuals to
collaborate across borders with unprecedented speed and efficiency.
• These advancements played a crucial role in accelerating the process
of globalization, making international markets more interconnected
than ever before.
 Globalization in the 21st Century
• Globalization has ebbed and flowed throughout history, with periods
of expansion and retrenchment. The 21st century has witnessed
both.
• Global stock markets plummeted after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist
attacks in the United States, but rebounded in subsequent years.
• More recently, nationalist political movements have slowed
immigration, closed borders, and increased trade protectionism.
• The pandemic had similar effects on borders and immigration, and it
also disrupted supply chains.
• However, overall, the early 21st century has seen a dramatic
increase in the pace of global integration.
• Rapid advances in technology and telecommunications are
"7 Types of Globalization"

- Political Globalization
- Social Globalization
- Economic Globalization
- Technological Globalization
- Financial Globalization
- Cultural Globalization
- Ecological Globalization
 "Political Globalization"
- Political globalization refers to diplomatic negotiations between
nation-states. It includes the standardization of global rules
around trade, criminality, and the rule of law.
- Key multinational organizations include the United Nations, European
Union, and World Trade Organization. They are designed to facilitate
increasing political globalization, this includes growing free trade and
multilateral agreements on investments.

Positives of political globalization:

- Creates international rule of law.
- Helps prevent war crimes and polices bad actors on the international
stage.
- Facilitates economic globalization by standardizing food and trade
 "Social Globalization"
- Social Globalization (Sociological Globalization) - refers to the
integration of our societies. Unlike cultural globalization, it emphasizes
that we live in a shared society, despite having different cultures.
Examples:
• What happens in Afghanistan can affect what happens in the United
States.
• A contagion in China spreads to all corners of the world.
• A nuclear weapon in North Korea can threaten lives in New Zealand.

We are becoming one common society where we need to get along

despite cultural differences.
People can move between countries more easily, and highly educated
individuals can access job opportunities globally. (Movement of People)
"Economic Globalization"
- Economic globalization refers to how corporations operate as
multinational organizations.

- It involves the movement of manufacturing industries to developing

nations to make the most of lower wages and and lower the price of
goods.

-This can help developing nations increase overall employment but can
be considered exploitation of nations with poor working conditions. It
also takes good paying jobs away from developed nations.
"Technological Globalization"
- Technological globalization refers to the spread of technology
worldwide.

-Examples of this include the spread of the internet, solar panel technology
and medical technologies – which can all help improve the lives of people
around the world.

-The spread of technologies can be interpreted as the ‘rising tide lifts all boats’
argument. Globalization means we can make the most of the best technologies
from all around the world to make everyone’s lives better and improve everyone’s
economies.

Technological globalization is closely connected to the anthropological “scapes of

globalization” theory by Arjun Appadurai. He came up with the term
"Financial Globalization"
- Financial globalization refers to the ease at which money can be
spread around the world.
- Growth in international financial markets and stock exchanges enables easier
investments.

- Benefits include:
- Easier access to investments for businesses.
- You can find a Chinese, French or Canadian investor to wire you some money
to start your business instead of just relying on local investors

- Concerns:
-But many nations also face backlash because of the sense that overseas
companies buy out too much of their businesses, real estate and farming land –
which could be a threat to a nation’s sovereignty
"Cultural Globalization"
- Cultural globalization refers to the spread and mixing of
cultures worldwide.

- Arjun Appadurai mentions potential cultural homogenization, where

dominant cultures overshadow indigenous ones.
Examples include:
- The global influence of punk music from the UK and USA in 1970s.
- The spread of Disney, secularism, and consumer culture.

- Concepts related to cultural globalization include cultural adaptation,

cultural diffusion, and hierarchical diffusion. We can also see that, as
migrants move around the world, people are increasingly developing
transnational identities.
"Ecological Globalization"
- Ecological globalization considers the world as one
interconnected ecosystem.
- This means that the world needs to work together to address ecological
issues that cross the borders of nation-states.

- Examples include:
- The hole in the ozone layer, requiring a global ban on CFCs.
- Climate change, affecting low-lying nations in the Pacific and
Southeast Asia.
- Global efforts include:
- The Kyoto Protocol and Paris Climate Agreement have been put into
place, where each nation agrees to invest in lowering its carbon
emissions.
CONCLUSION

- Globalization fosters interconnectedness and

interdependence among nations. While it offers
numerous benefits, such as economic growth and
cultural exchange, challenges like cultural
homogenization and environmental concerns
persist.
Thank
You!
PRESENTED BY : AIAH ALEXIA SESE
ROBENA JANELLE BAITO
JANNELLE MILITAR