Faculty of Technology and Engineering,

Maharaja Sayajirao University

of Baroda

Applied Mechanics and Structural Engineering Department

A Presentation On “Determination of DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT and
CHLORIDE PROFILE AND FOR CONCRETE”
Guided By : DR.M.K.MAROLIYA (Associate professor)
Co- Guided By : RAHUL SHAH (assistant professor)
Prepared By : BAHELIM HAMJA R.
 CHLORIDE PROFILE AND DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
FOR CONCRETE
• Introduction
• Scope of Work
• Literature Survey review
• Research Gaps
• Methodology
• Material to be Used
• Work to be done
• Roadmap of finish of dissertation work
• References
Abstract :
• The study of chloride profiles and diffusion coefficients in concrete is critical for predicting the durability and
service life of reinforced concrete structures, particularly in environments prone to chloride exposure, such as
marine or de-icing salt conditions.
• Deterioration of concrete structures due to the corrosion of reinforcement is the major problem of durability,
it necessary to study of chloride ions in concrete
• For determination of chloride diffusion coefficient three methods have been used. They are RCPT, Salt Ponding
Test and Bulk Diffusion Test.
• Salt Ponding and Bulk Diffusion test are long term tests while rest of the two are rapid tests.
• two types of the mixes of M40 and M50 grade concrete are decided for the project work. control mix with OPC
53 grade cement and cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume and slag (GGBS).
• Chloride diffusion coefficient from all the three tests are determined and compared.
Introduction :
• Concrete is a homogeneous mixture of aggregate, cement, sand, water and admixtures designed to fulfill the
desired requirements. Due to its versatility it can not only used in the construction of residential building or,
multistoried buildings but also in the construction of road, bridges, marine structures, dams, silos, tunnels, etc.
• Concrete is the second most consumable materials of the world after water. Though it is used in the many
important civil engineering structures, the quality of the concrete must be maintained good for longer life span
of any RCC structure.
• Thus, the structure must be strong enough to resist the load during its life span as well as it must be durable
also for better functioning. In most of the RCC structures durability related issues happened due to the
corrosion of reinforcement. To keep the structure durable, one must go for the maintenance of the structure at
a regular time interval. Thus, the time of the maintenance or repair of the structure must be determined.
• The study of chloride profiles and diffusion coefficients in concrete is crucial for understanding the durability
and longevity of concrete structures, particularly those exposed to aggressive environments such as marine
settings. Chloride ions are known to penetrate concrete, leading to the corrosion of embedded steel
reinforcement, which significantly compromises structural integrity and serviceability. The diffusion of chloride
ions is influenced by various factors, including the concrete's composition, moisture conditions, and the
presence of cracks or mechanical loads
• So, aim of the project is to find out the chloride diffusion coefficient from the various methods available.
LITERATURE REVIEW :
1) Chloride Diffusion Coefficient Determination for Specifications
C McNally M Richardson- University College Dublin
C Evans -TJ O‟Connor and Associates
T Callanan -Collins Engineers
In this paper three tests have been used for the determination of chloride diffusion coefficient. The methods used
are,
1) long-term immersion tests with chloride analysis by Volhard titration,
2) tests of medium duration with chloride analysis by an internal-calibration potentiometric method and
3) short-term Nordtest rapid migration tests.
Concrete compositions tested included Portland cement, PFA (pulverized fuel ash) and GGBS mixes.
Conclusion :
• They have stated that due to care taken to ensure that diffusion was the dominant transport process in the long
term immersion tests, a high degree of confidence can be taken in the diffusion coefficients produced.
• They have concluded that medium-term ponding tests agree quite well with immersion tests, and as such would
appear suitable for service-life prediction. Short-term tests, such as the rapid migration test appear to have
potential for use, but sufficient time must be given for full hydration to occur. Care must also be taken in relating
apparent and effective diffusion coefficients.
2) Comparison of AASHTO T-277 (Electrical) and AASHTO T-259 (90d Ponding) Results
C.ANDRADE Instituto de Ciencias de la Construction "Eduardo Torroja", Madrid, Spain
D.WHITING Construction Technology Laboratories, Skokie, Illinois, USA.
• They have tested OPC control mixes and mixes containing polymers for AASHTO methods T-277 (Rapid Chloride
Permeability Test) and T-259 (90 days ponding) Chloride profiles recorded after completion of both test types
are compared and analyzed by means of the application of Nernst-Plank or Nernst-Einstein equations. The
relationship for conventional concretes, between coefficients calculated from chloride concentration gradients
produced, either by long-term ponding or by accelerated ingress of chloride into the specimens has been
developed.
• Eight types of concrete were selected for this comparative study. Three were conventional concretes (CON6,
CON4, CON32) with water-to-cement (w/c) ratios ranging from 0.6 to 0.32. The other five concrete types were
modified by addition of different types of polymers and special treatments.
• From each concrete mix a series of slabs 600 x 300 x150 mm in dimension were cast. Two of these were plain
concrete slabs, one of which was used for 90 days ponding tests and the other for extraction of cores for
AASHTO T 277 testing.
• Three theoretical procedures have been used to calculate diffusion coefficients: 1) the fitting of equation (1) into
the chloride profiles obtained either in the AASHTO T 277 (60V) test or from the 90 d ponding test; 2) by
introducing resistivity values; or 3) from charge passed (coulombs) introduced into the Nernst-Einstein equation.
• From Nernst-Einstein Equation (AC Resistivity) By using this equation only effective diffusion coefficients, Deff,
can be calculated, as the equation holds only for ions diffusing under steady-state conditions with no
reaction. The equation used is:

Conclusion:
• The Diffusion Coefficients calculated from the AASHTO T-259 (ponding) test are higher to those obtained from
the AASHTO T-277, which has been attributed to the higher surface concentrations (CS) achieved in the natural
ponding test. However, the concrete ranking is similar in both test types.
• AASHTO T-277 should be modified in order to better model and predict real conditions: Either
migration concepts are applied in order to calculate Diffusion Coefficients or simple concrete resistivity
values are measured and introduced into Nernst-Einstein equation.
3)Evaluation of the Chloride diffusion coefficient in Blended concrete and service life
prediction of RC structure
Nair,K.G.,Rathod J.D.,and Lad S.D,-MS university ,Baroda
In this paper chloride diffusion coefficient is determined in control concrete and with partial replacement of
cement by flyash,silicafume and slag in binary and ternary blended mixtures.
• Optimum concrete mixture with water/binder ratio of 0.35 and 0.40 containing 6%silicafume with OPC, 25and
40% flyash with OPC ,25 and 40% flyash in combination of 6% silicafume with OPC, 25% slag with OPC ,25%
slag in combination of 6% silicafume with OPC and 25% slag in combination of 25% flyash with OPC were used.
• Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient there are 4 methods,(two short duration and two long
duration methods)
1) Salt ponding methods(AASHTO T259)
2) Bulk diffusion test (NT Build 443)
3) Rapid migration test(NT build 492)
4) Rapid chloride-ion permeability test(RCPT)(ASTM C1202)
Conclusion:
• Results of all the four test reveal that binary/ternary blended concrete mixes exhibit a chloride diffusion
coefficient value typically 7-8 times (salt ponding test)and 6-7 times (bulk diffusion test)less than that for a
control mix without a mineral admixture.Hence,mineral admixtures play a significant role in providing resistance
against chloride diffusion in concrete,which enhances the durability of concrete to a large extent.
• Salt ponding test results gives a substantially higher chloride diffusion coefficient than those results obtained by
any of the other methods,Bulk diffusion test may prove to be more reliable for use in suggested model and
service life prediction.
• RCPT gives the lowest values (700-1000% lower than salt ponding test)of the chloride diffusion coefficient for all
mixes compared to the other tests)
• In RMT, flyash and silica fume combination ternary blended mixtures consistently exhibit the lowest
values.flyash proves to be better in the case of binary mix,whereas the combination of flyash and silicafumes is
good in the case of ternary mixture.
4) Comparison of chloride diffusion coefficient test for concrete
M.A.MIL TENBERGER,J.J.LUCIANO,and B.D.MILLER
Master builders,Inc.,Technical service Labroratories,Cleveland,Ohio,USA
• In this paper show the relationship between three chloride diffusion coefficient test for concrete.in addition,the
data show the effect of silicafume and an organic corrosion-inhibiting admixture(OCI) on the chloride diffusion
coefficient estimate.
• Two sets of specimens were exposed at treat Island,ME, a severe weathering exposure site run by the US Army
Corps of engineers.the exposure site is a wood platform set at mean sea level, so the concrete is exposed to tidal
oscillations
• For estimating chloride diffusion,there are three method to used,
1) chloride flux
2) Chloride migration
3) Chloride ponding test
• The flux and migration test methods presented produce similar values for the effective chloride diffusion
coefficient for concrete.
• Fitting chloride profiles from ponding or environmental exposure experiments to Fick’s second law of diffusion
can produce apparent diffusion coefficients 2 to 6 times greater than the effective diffusion coefficient.
• that all the test methods show a progressive reduction in the diffusion coefficient with increasing silica fume
replacement. Also, significant reductions in the diffusion coefficient occur when an organic corrosion-inhibiting
admixture was added to the concrete.
5) CHLORIDE DIFFUSION IN CONCRETE AND ITS IMPACT ON CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT
Abul K. Azad, Department of Civil Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia
• In this paper, the parameters influencing chloride diffusion and the general applicability of Fick's law are
reviewed, highlighting the impact of chloride diffusion coefficient on corrosion. Laboratory generated test data
on concrete samples made with local aggregates shows that chloride diffusion coefficient for local concrete
appears to be high and it is adversely impacted by the thermal effects. The results also show that Fick's law can
be used to model diffusion and to predict corrosion initiation time with reasonable degree of accuracy.
• Two types of methods to be used for determines the chloride diffusion coefficient using FICK’S second law of
diffusion,
1) Traditional ponding method – specimens were subjected to known chloride concentrations, and chloride
content was measured at different depth
2) Gas diffusion technique – used determine diffusion coefficient based on porosity and tortuosity of
concrete.
• Diffusion coefficient which lead to three important observations,
• 1)find diffusion coefficient – locally made concrete due to poor quality of aggregates,
• 2)find diffusion coefficient- increases w/c ratio
• 3)find diffusion coefficient- outdoor environment
Conclusion:
• Laboratory tests showed that concrete made with local aggregates exhibited a higher chloride diffusion
coefficient.
• The diffusion coefficient increases with a higher water-cement ratio(w/c),concrete with higher w/c ratios allows
for faster chloride penetration,making it more vulnerable to reinforcement corrosion.
• Fick’s law provides a reliable method for predicting chloride ingress and corrosion initiation time,making it
useful for durability-based design and maintenance planning.
• Hot weather accelerates chloride diffusion,highlighting the importance of considering field conditions rather
than relying solely on laboratory data.
Research gaps

1) Limited study on different Mixture proportion and ratio of cementitious material for selected grade
2) Relationship between long term and short term diffusion coefficient for selected grade
3) Chloride depth and short time diffusion test relationships
Objective :
• For determination of chloride diffusion coefficient and chloride profile (short term) for three methods have been used. They
are RCPT(AASHTO T-277), Salt Ponding Test (AASHTO T-259)and Bulk Diffusion Test (Nordtest NT BUILD 443)
• Casting of two different mixing ( M40 and M50 grade) specimen with OPC 53 grade cement and cementitious materials like fly
ash, silica fume and slag (GGBS).
• Propotion of cementitious material like, Silicafume(5,10,15%),GGBFS(20,30,40%) and Flyash(10,20,30%)
• To find Chloride depth and short time diffusion test relationships
• To assess the chloride ingress in concrete
Scope Of Work :
• To Study methodology and procedure of test
• Identify the research gap of
• Methods for the determination of Chloride Diffusion Coefficient :
1) Salt Ponding Test (AASHTO T259)
2) Bulk Diffusion Test (NordTest NT BUILD 443)
3) Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (AASHTO T 277 OR ASTM C1202)
The methods which are incorporated in the dissertation work are explained below. Rapid chloride permeability
test (RCPT) are short term test , Salt ponding test & Bulk diffusion test. In the long term test chloride profile is
generated first and from that the diffusion coefficient can be determined iteratively with the aid of an analogy to
the method of smallest squares
4) Salt Ponding Test (AASHTO T259)
This method is used to determine the resistance of concrete to chloride ion penetration. This method will not
provide the quantitative result for the service life of concrete. Due to change in w/c ratio, cement type, admixture,
aggregate type and proportion, curing method, etc., the change in the resistance of chloride penetration can be
determined by this method. This is long term test. It is generally used in research work. As it is time consuming it
cannot be used at site.
Test Specimen:
• The test specimen used in this method is slab having a minimum surface area of 17500 mm^2 . The thickness of
slab should not be less than 75 mm.
Setup diagram for salt ponding test

Ponding 3 % NaCl solution on the slab specimen

Slab specimen prepared for ponding

Procedure:
• The specimen is casted and moist cured for 14 days
• It then kept in drying environment for 28 days.
• On the top of the slab 19 mm high and 13 mm wide dams are made and ponding of 3% NaCl solution is kept
for
90 days.
• The depth of the solution should be kept as 13 mm.
• The solution depth of 13 mm is maintained for 90 days.
• After 90 days of ponding the solution is removed and the slab is allowed to dry.
•The surface of the slab which was subjected to ponding should be
cleared properly such that the salt crystals formed due to the ponding is
removed. Analysis:
• For the analysis of chloride penetration at various depths the slab is cut in 0.5 inch (about 13 mm) thick slices
and chloride content for that particular depth is determined by potentiometric titration. After getting the
chloride content at various depths, the chloride profile can be generated for the determination of diffusion
coefficient.
2) Bulk Diffusion Test (NordTest NT BUILD 443) :
• This nordtest method specifies the procedure to calculate the penetration parameter for estimating the
resistance against chloride ion penetration into hardened concrete. It can also be used to calculate the
chloride diffusion coefficient by the way of profile grinding. This is long term test. It will take 35 days. As it is
time consuming it is generally used in research work.
Test specimen:
• It can be core drilled from the existing structure or it can be casted in the laboratory. It should not have
diameter less than 75 mm or at least 3 times the maximum nominal size of aggregate. It should have minimum
length of 100 mm.
Reagents and apparatus:
Reagents:
• Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) technical quality
• Sodium chloride (NaCl) technical quality
• Polyurethane or epoxy based paint
• Chemicals for chloride analysis
Setup diagram for bulk diffusion test Specimen kept in the solution of Ca(OH)2
Apparatus:
• Water cooled diamond saw
• Weighing balance of accuracy ±0.01 gm
• Thermometer
• Plastic container with tight fitting lid
• Equipment for profile grinding and analysis

Preparation of test samples:

• The test samples, if it is core drilled from the structure or a cylinder casted is kept in the solution of saturated
Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) before it is exposed to the Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution.
• The specimens are kept in the air tight container filled with the solution of saturated Calcium Hydroxide. The
change in the mass of each specimen in the saturated surface dry condition is measured at every interval of 24
hours.
• When the change in the mass is less than 0.1 % then specimens are coated with the epoxy paint except for the
one side which is to be exposed to the NaCl solution.
• The specimens are allowed to dry properly.
Procedure:
• The specimens are kept in the solution of 2.8 M (165 gm of NaCl in 1000 ml of water) NaCl solution in the air
tight container.
• The container is shaked once every week and the solution is changed at an interval of every 5 weeks.
Profile grinding:
• Chloride profile is measured immediately after the exposure. The grinding should be done parallel to the
exposed surface. The grinding should be done at 10 mm diameter less than the full diameter of core.
• Minimum 8 nos of layers must be ground off. To determine the surface chloride content, the thickness of the
outermost layer exposed to the solution should be 1 mm.
• Chloride content in each layer can be determined by the titration of the powder we have collected from the
profile grinding.
Calculation:
• The equation used to determine the chloride diffusion coefficient is

Where, c(𝑥,𝑡) = mass % of chloride concentration measured at depth x and time

t
C𝑠= mass % of surface chloride concentration
𝐶𝑖= mass % of initial chloride concentration
𝑥= depth below the exposed surface (m)
𝐷𝑒= chloride diffusion coefficient (m2
/s)
𝑡= exposure time
𝑒𝑟𝑓= error function
3) Rapid Chloride Permeability Test (RCPT) (AASHTO T 277 OR ASTM C1202) :
• This is the electrical method to determine the resistance to chloride ion penetration. This is short term test. It
will give the qualitative result. From the result one can determine the quality of concrete.
• The various data collected from this test can be used to evaluate the chloride diffusion coefficient for particular
concrete specimen.
• The total amount of charges passed during this 6 hours of test will decide the quality of concrete.
• The following table should be referred to determine the quality of concrete.

Total charges passed in Chloride ion penetrability

coulombs

>4000 High

>2000-4000 Moderate

>1000-2000 Low

100-1000 Very Low

<100 Negligible
Setup diagram for RCPT test RCPT test
Test specimen:
• The specimen required in this experiment are of 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thickness For the evaluation of
the structure the specimen can be (a) core from the structure or (b) 100 mm diameter cylinder cast and cured at
site.
• In case of drilling the core from the structure the care must be taken that the core should not contain the
reinforcement. Reinforcement is not allowed in the specimen as the presence of steel in concrete will pass more
amount of charge than concrete without steel.
• The data given in table-1 can be applicable for the specimen diameter ranging from 95 mm to 100 mm. For the
diameter other than these the correction should be done in the calculation.
Apparatus:
1. Vacuum saturation apparatus:
a. Beaker (1000 ml or large) – capable of holding concrete specimen(s) and water and fitting into vacuum
desiccator.
b. Vacuum desiccator – 250 mm inside diameter or larger. This desiccator must allow to hose connections,
through a rubber stopper and sleeve or through a rubber stopper only. Each connection must be equipped
with a stopcock
c. Vacuum pump – capable of maintain a pressure of less than 6650 Pa (50 mm Hg) in desiccator.
d. Vacuum gauge or manometer – accurate to ±665 Pa (±5 mm Hg) over range 0 to 13300 Pa (0 to 100 mm Hg)
pressure
2. Coating apparatus and materials:
a. Coating - Rapid setting, electrically nonconductive, capable of sealing side surface of concrete cores.
b. Balance or Scale, Paper Cups, Wooden Spatulas, and Disposable Brushes - For mixing and applying coating.
3. Specimen-Sizing Equipment:
c. Movable Bed Water-Cooled Diamond Saw or Silicon Carbide Saw.
Reagent, material and tests cell:
1. Specimen cell sealant
2. Sodium chloride solution – 3 % by mass in distilled water.
3. Sodium hydroxide solution – 0.3 N in distilled water.
a. Applied Voltage Cell - Two symmetric polymethyl methacrylate chambers, each containing electrically
conductive mesh and external connectors.
4. Temperature measuring device – 0˚ to 120˚ C.
a. Voltage Application and Data Readout Apparatus - Capable of holding 60 ± 0.1 V dc across applied voltage cell
over entire range of currents and of displaying voltage accurate to ±0.1 V and current to ±1 mA.
b. Constant Voltage Power Supply - 0–80 V dc, 0–2 A, capable of holding voltage constant at 60 ± 0.1 V over entire
range of currents.
5. Cable - Two conductor, 1.6 mm insulated.
Conditioning:
• Seal the sides of the specimen with rapid setting coating and allow it to dry until it is no longer sticky to touch.
• Place the specimen in the beaker or container then place the container in the vacuum desiccator. Alternatively
place the specimen directly in the desiccator.
• Both the surfaces of the specimen must be exposed.
• Seal the desiccator and start the vacuum pump.
• Reduce the pressure up to 6650 Pa (50 mm Hg) within few minutes and maintain the vacuum at least for
3 hours.
• With the vacuum pump still running, open the water stopcock and drain sufficient water into the beaker or
desiccator so that it will cover the specimen.
• Close the water stopcock and allow the vacuum pump to run for 1 h additional
• Close the vacuum line stopcock, then turn off the pump. Turn the vacuum line stopcock to allow air to reenter
desiccator.
• Soak the specimen under water (the water used in Sections 9.4 through 9.6) in the beaker for 18 ± 2 h.
Procedure:
• Remove the specimen from the water and blot off excess water from the surface. Transfer the specimen into
other sealed container where relative humidity of 95% can be maintained.
• If the sealant to be used in the experiment is other than rubber gasket sealant than following procedure should
be followed.
For low viscosity cell sealant:
• Place the filter paper on the screen of the applied voltage cell and trowel the sealant over the brass shims
adjacent to the applied voltage cell body. Remove the filter paper and place the specimen on the screen and
remove the excess sealant.
For high viscosity cell sealant:
• Set the specimen on the screen and apply the sealant on the specimen cell boundary. Cover the
exposed surface of the specimen with plastic sheet or any other impermeable material
• Allow the sealant to cure as per manufacturer’s instructions.
• Repeat the procedure for second half of the cell.
• For the rubber gasket sealant to mount the specimen following procedure should be followed.
• Place the 100 mm outside diameter, 75 mm inside diameter and 6 mm thick rubber gasket in each half of the
test specimen. Insert the specimen and clamp both the cell properly. Fill one of the cell with 3% NaCl (Sodium
Chloride which will be connected to the negative terminal of the power supply) solution and other cell with 0.3
N NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide Solution which will be connected to positive terminal of power supply).
Calculations:
• To calculate the total charge (in coulombs) passed, plot the curve of current (in amperes) vs time. The area
under the curve will give us the value of the charge passed.
• To calculate the charge passed following formula can be used,

Where, 𝑄 = charge passed (coulombs)

𝐼0 = current(amperes) immediately after the voltage is applied
𝐼𝑡 = current(amperes) at t min after voltage is applied
• If the diameter of specimen is other than the 95 mm, then the value for the total charge passed must be
adjusted. The adjustment is made by applying the multiplication factor calculated by the following formula with
the equation
• Multiplication factor,

Where, 𝑄𝑠= charge passed through 95 mm diameter specimen

𝑄𝑥= charge passed through 𝑥 mm diameter specimen
𝑥= diameter of nonstandard specimen(mm)
Work to be done :
• Casting of remaining specimens
• To perform RCPT test
• To perform titration required for the Salt ponding test and bulk diffusion test
• To find Chloride depth and short time diffusion test relationships
•
Roadmap of finish of dissertation work:
1) Study Literature reviws and research papers - (June to August)
2) Identify research gap - (September to October)
3) Select methodology - (November)
4) Material selection,mix design & number of specimens – (December)
5) Casting specimens - (January to March)
6) Laboratory Testing on specimens - (April to may)
7) Results compare with methodology - (Ending of may)
8) Conclusions & prepare thesis - (June)
REFERENCES :
1) Testing the chloride penetration resistance of concrete by K.D.Stanish,R.D.Hooton and
M.D.A. Thomas department of Civil engineering,university of Toronto,Canada
2) AASHTO T-277-93,Standard method of test for electrical indication of concrete’s ability to
resist chloride,sixteenth edition,1993,part,part-II-Tests,washigston,DC,pp.876-881
3) Understanding Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Cementitious Materials by Zhiyuan Xu *
and GuangYe ,Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology,
2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
4) Classification of Chloride diffusion coefficients and theory bases of different test methods
by TANG Luping,department of building technology,SP-Swedish national testing and
research institute
5) Re-evaluation of the AASHTO T259 90-day salt ponding test by Patrick F. McGratha, R. Doug
Hootonb, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street,
Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
6) An Experiment on Durability Test (RCPT) of Concrete According to ASTM Standard Method
using Low-Cost Equipments by Shohana Iffat a, Department of Civil Engineering,
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology(BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
 7)Effect of FlyAsh as CementReplacement on Chloride Diffusion, Chloride Binding
Capacity, and Micro-Properties of Concrete in a Water Soaking Environment by Jun Liu,
Jiaying Liu, Zhenyu Huang * , Jihua Zhu, Wei Liu and Wei Zhang, Guangdong Provincial Key
Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, China
8)Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient in blended cement mortars by V.
Elfmarkovaa, P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers, Department of the Built Environment Eindhoven
University of Technology, The Netherlands b ENCI HeidelbergCement Benelux, The
Netherlands
9)Chloride Diffusion in Concrete / Prediction of the Onset of Corrosion in Reinforced
Concrete Structures by Navaz Cheriya Malikakkal ,faculty of the college of graduate studies
king fahd university of petroleum & minerals dhahran, saudi arabia