Communication

Models
Linear
Models
 “Shannon-Weaver model of
communication”.
•In 1948, Shannon was an
American mathematician,
Electronic engineer and
Weaver was an American
scientist both of them join
together to write an article
in “Bell System Technical
Journal” called “A
Mathematical Theory of
Communication” and also
called as “Shannon-Weaver
model of communication”.
• This model is specially designed to develop
the effective communication between sender
and receiver. Also they find factors which
affecting the communication process called
“Noise”. At first the model was developed to
improve the Technical communication. Later
it’s widely applied in the field of
Communication.
 Elements
• Sender : The originator of message or the
information source selects desire message
• Encoder : The transmitter which converts the message into
signals
• Decoder : The reception place of the signal which converts
signals into message. A reverse process of encode
• Receiver : The destination of the message from sender
• Noise: The messages are transferred from encoder to
decoder through channel. During this process the messages
may distracted or affected by physical noise like horn
sounds, thunder and crowd noise or encoded signals may
distract in the channel during the transmission process
which affect the communication flow or the receiver may
not receive the correct message
 Practical Example of
Shannon- Weaver model of
communication :
Sender : Thomson
Encoder : Telephone (Thomson)
: Cable
Channel : Distraction in
Noise
Reception : voice Telephone
Receiver (Assistant) Assistant.
:
 Criticism of Shannon-Weaver model
of communication :
1.One of the simplest model and its general
applied in various communication theories
2.The model which attracts both academics of
Human communication and Information theorist
to leads their further research in
communication
3.It’s more effective in person-to-person
communication than group or mass audience
4.The model based on “Sender and Receiver”.
Here sender plays the primary role and receiver
plays the secondary role (receive the information
or passive)
5. Communication is not a one way process.
If it’s
behaved like that, it will lose its strength. For
example: Audience or receiver who listening a
radio, reading the books or watching television is a
one way communication because absence of
feedback
6.Understanding Noise will helps to solve the
various problems in communication
• The berlo’s model follows the smcr model this
model is not specific to any particular
communication.
 Elements
• Source: The source is were the message originates.
• Communication skills – It is the individual’s skill to
communicate (ability to read, write, speak, listen
etc…)
• Attitudes – The attitude towards the audience,
subject and towards one self for e.g. for the student
the attitude is to learn more and for teachers wants
to help teach.
• Knowledge– The knowledge about the subject one is
going to communicate for e.g. whatever the teacher
communicates in the class about the subject so
having knowledge in what you are communicating
• Social system – The Social system includes the
various aspects in society like values, beliefs,
culture, religion and general understanding of
society. It is were the communication takes place
Note: We can communicate only to the
extent that the social system allows,
when we communicate take social
system into account.
• Culture: Culture of the particular society also
comes under social system.
• Encoder: The sender of the message (message
originates) is referred as encoder, so
the source is encoding the message here.
• Message
• Content – The beginning to the end of a
message comprises its content for e.g.
From beginning to end whatever the class
teacher speaks in the class is the content of
the message
• Elements – It includes various things like
language, gestures, body language etc, so these
are all the elements of the particular message.
Content is accompanied by some elements.
• Treatment – It refers to the packing of the
message. The way in which the message is
conveyed or the way in which the message is
passed on or deliver it.
 Note: When it is too much treatment
also the communication will not
happen properly
• Structure– The structure of the message how it is
arranged, the way you structure the message
into various parts.
 Note: Message is the same but if the
structure is not properly arranged then
the message will not get to the receiver.
• Code– The code of the message means how it is
sent in what form it could be e.g. language, body
language, gestures, music and even culture is a
code. Through this you get/give the message or
through which the communication takes place or
being reached.
 Note: Only when the code is proper, the
message will be clear, improper use may
lead to misinterpretation
Channel– It is nothing but the five senses
through this only we do. The following are the
five senses which we use
• Hearing
• Seeing
• Touching
• Smelling
• Tasting
This model believes that for an effective
communication to take place the source and the
receiver needs to be in the same level, only if
the source and receiver are on the same level
communication will happen or take place
properly. So source and receiver should be
similar
 Criticism of Berlo’s SMCR model of
Communication:
• No feedback / don’t know about the effect
• Does not mention barriers to communication
• No room for noise
• Complex model
• It is a linear model of communication
• Needs people to be on same level for communication
to occur but not true in real life
• Main drawback of the model is that the model omits
the usage of sixth sense as a channel which is
actually a gift to the human beings (thinking,
understanding, analyzing etc).
Non – Linear
Models
Lasswell’s model
Harold Dwight Lasswell, the
American political scientist
states that a convenient
way to describe an act of
communication is to answer
the following questions
• Who
• Says What
• In Which Channel
• To Whom
• With what effect?
 According to Lasswell there are three
functions for communication:

1. Surveillance of the environment

2. Correlation of components of society
3. Cultural transmission between generation
• It suggests the message flow in a multicultural
society with multiple audiences. The flow of
message is through various channels.

• communication = “Control Analysis”,

• says = “Content Analysis”,
• channel = “Media Analysis”,
• To Whom = “Audience Analysis”
• With What Effect = “Effect Analysis”
 Advantage of Lasswell Model:

• It is Easy and Simple

• It suits for almost all types of communication
• The concept of effect
 Disadvantage of Lasswell Model

• Feedback not mentioned

• Noise not mentioned
• Linear Model
 The Johari Window Model

History
The ‘Johari’ window model is a convenient method
used to achieve this task of understanding and
enhancing communication between the members in a
group. American psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry
Ingham developed this model in 1955. The idea was
derived as the upshot of the group dynamics in
University of California and was later improved by
Joseph Luft. The name ‘Johari’ came from joining their
first two names. This model is also denoted as
feedback/disclosure model of self-awareness.
1. Open/self-area or arena – Here the
information about the person his attitudes,
behaviour, emotions, feelings, skills and views
will be known by the person as well as by
others.

• ‘Feedback solicitation’ is a process which

occurs by understanding and listening to the
feedback from another person.
2. Blind self or blind spot – Information about
yourselves that others know in a group but you
will be unaware of it. Others may interpret
yourselves differently than you expect. The blind
spot is reduced for an efficient communication
through seeking feedback from others.
3. Hidden area or façade – Information that is
known to you but will be kept unknown from
others. This can be any personal information
which you feel reluctant to reveal. This includes
feelings, past experiences, fears, secrets etc. we
keep some of our feelings and information as
private as it affects the relationships and thus
the hidden area must be reduced by moving the
information to the open areas.
4. Unknown area – The Information which are
unaware to yourselves as well as others. This
includes the information, feelings, capabilities,
talents etc. This can be due to traumatic past
experiences or events which can be unknown
for a lifetime. The person will be unaware till he
discovers his hidden qualities and capabilities or
through observation of others. Open
communication is also an effective to
decrease the unknown way area and
communicate effectively. thus to
Thank You