DRILLING OF OIL AND GAS WELLS

LECTURE-5 (7-10-2024)
1ST LECTURE OUTLINE

 Types of oil well drilling

 Directional and deviated drilling
 Basic DD equipment ad BHA
 Well logging
 LWD
 Well completion
 Perforation
 Well control
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Definition and significance

Wells are drilled directionally for several purposes:

•Increasing the exposed section length through the reservoir by drilling through the
reservoir at an angle.
•Drilling into the reservoir where vertical access is difficult or not possible. For
instance an oilfield under a town, under a lake, or underneath a difficult-to-drill
formation.
•Allowing more wellheads to be grouped together on one surface location can allow
fewer rig moves, less surface area disturbance, and make it easier and cheaper to
complete and produce the wells. For instance, on an oil platform or jacket offshore,
40 or more wells can be grouped together. The wells will fan out from the platform
into the reservoir(s) below. This concept is being applied to land wells, allowing
multiple subsurface locations to be reached from one pad, reducing costs.
•Drilling along the underside of a reservoir-constraining fault allows multiple
productive sands to be completed at the highest stratigraphic points.
•Drilling a "relief well" to relieve the pressure of a well producing without restraint (a "
blowout"). In this scenario, another well could be drilled starting at a safe distance
away from the blowout, but intersecting the troubled wellbore. Then, heavy fluid (kill
fluid) is pumped into the relief wellbore to suppress the high pressure in the original
wellbore causing the blowout.
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HORIZONTAL DRILLING
 Horizontal drilling is the
process of drilling a
well from the surface to
a subsurface location
just above the target oil
or gas reservoir called
the “kickoff point”,
then deviating the well
bore from the vertical
plane around a curve to
intersect the reservoir
at the “entry point”
with a near-horizontal
inclination, ...
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Directional Wells
Why ???
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APPLICATIONS of DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

• Shoreline Drilling

• Inaccessible Locations
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APPLICATIONS of DIRECTIONAL
DRILLING
• Multiple Wells from
Offshore Platform

• Relief Wells
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APPLICATIONS of DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

• Sidetracking

Original Well
Path Sidetrac
Corre k Original
cted Well Path Sidetrack
Well Original Well
Path Path

• Multi-Lateral Wells
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Types of Directional Well Profile
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LOADS ON TUBULARS

 Burst Loads
 Collapse Loads
 Tensile Loads
 Service Loads

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BASIC PARTS
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BASIC TERMINOLOGY

TVD: This is the vertical

distance from the wellhead
to a point in the well path.
This quantity is calculated
from the directional survey
data. Note that a measured
depth, due to the wellbore
curvature, is always greater
than the corresponding true
vertical depth.

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 WELL
AZIMUTH

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DEFINITIONS -
BUILD CURVE

 Generally
 Long: < 8deg/100ft
 Medium: >8
<30deg/100ft
 Short: >30deg/100ft

 (variations)
SURVEY
DEFINITIONS RKB

KOP

Build Section
EOB or EOC

TVD, ft
Tangent or Hold
Common terminology for
a directional profile
Drop
Section

Departure, ft
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

Trajectory

Equipment

MWD/LWD
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METHODS OF DEFLECTION
Starting
mill

The primary use of a

whipstock today is in Shear
bolt
sidetracking out of casing Shear
bolt

slips
Slip
s
Bottom
trip
Bottom
Trip
Bridge
plug
Bridge
Plug
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 Deviation Drilling with
Bottom Hole Assemblies

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Rotary motor
RPM=TDS rotation
RPM with motor= TDS rotation+ PDM Motor

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ADJUSTABLE BEND HOUSING

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METHODS OF DEFLECTION
Typical steerable motor configuration

Bent Housing for Changing Direction

When Sliding the Drillstring
Bent Housing for Changing Direction
When Sliding the Drillstring

Stabilizers Define Directional

Tendency When Rotating the Drillstring

Stabilizers Define Directional Tendency

When Rotating
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METHODS OF DEFLECTION
Steerable motor in the slide & rotate mode

Sliding
Rotating

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RSS

 A rotary steerable system (RSS) is a

form of drilling technology used in
directional drilling. It employs the use of
specialized downhole equipment to
replace conventional directional tools
such as mud motors. They are
generally programmed by the
measurement while drilling (MWD)
engineer or directional driller who
transmits commands using surface
equipment (typically using either
pressure fluctuations in the mud column
or variations in the drill string rotation)
which the tool responds to, and
gradually steers into the desired
direction. In other words, a tool
designed to drill directionally with
continuous rotation from the surface,
eliminating the need to "slide" a
mud motor.

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 MEASUREM
ENT WHILE
DRILLING
(MWD)

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 .

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.

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LOGS
 Well logging is an evaluation method in which a logging crew lowers a special
tool, into the well and then pulls it back up.

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 GAMA RAY LOG
Well drilling and for other related purposes. Different types
of rock emit different amounts and different spectra of
natural gamma radiation. In particular, shales usually emit
more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks, such as
sandstone, gypsum, salt, coal, dolomite, or limestone
because radioactive potassium is a common component
in their clay content, and because the
cation-exchange capacity of clay causes them to absorb
uranium and thorium. This difference in radioactivity
between shales and sandstones/carbonate rocks allows
the gamma ray tool to distinguish between shales and
non-shales. But it cannot distinguish between carbonates
and sandstone as they both have similar deflections on
the gamma ray log. Thus gamma ray logs cannot be said
to make good lithological logs by themselves, but in
practice, gamma ray logs are compared side-by-side with
stratigraphic logs.
RESISTIVITY LOG
 Resistivity logging is a method of
well logging that works by
characterizing the rock or sediment
in a borehole by measuring its
electrical resistivity. Resistivity is a
fundamental material property which
represents how strongly a material
opposes the flow of electric current.
In these logs, resistivity is measured
using four electrical probes to
eliminate the resistance of the
contact leads. The log must run in
holes containing electrically
conductive mud or water, i.e., with
enough ions present in the drilling
fluid.
RESISTIVITY LOG

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MAINTAINING THE WELL HEAD
XMAS TREE
PACKER
PACKER
SSSV
SSD
TUBING RIH
COMPLETION TYPES ACCORDING TO FORMATION

Liner Completion Cased hole completion Open Hole Completion

SINGLE ZONE COMPLETION
DUAL ZONE SINGLE STRING
DUAL ZONE DUAL STRING
COMMINGLE COMPLETION
MULTILATERAL COMPLETION
SMART COMPLETION
ESP DESIGN
PERFORATION

 •Objective of perforation is to establish

communication between the wellbore &
the formation.
 •This Is achieved by making holes
through the casing, cement & into
formation.
 •The inflow capacity of the reservoir
must not be inhibited.
PERFORATION
PERFORATION EFFICIENCY& GUN PERFORMANCE

 Optimizing perforating efficiency depend on extensively on the planning

& execution of the well completion which includes:
 Selection of the perforated interval
 Fluid selection
 Gun selection
 Applied pressure differential
 Well clean-up
 Perforating orientation
SHOT DENSITY

 Shot density is the number of holes

specified in shots per foot(spf).
 An adequate shot density can reduce
perforation skin & produce wells at lower
pressure differentials.
 Shot density in homogeneous, isotropic
formations should be a minimum of 8 spf
but must exceed the frequency of shale
laminations.
SHOT DENSITY

A shot density greater than this is required where:

 Vertical permeability is low.
 There is a risk of sand production.
 There is a risk of high velocities & hence turbulence.
 A gravel pack is to be conducted.
 Note: Too many holes can weaken the casing strength.
 SHOT PHASING

 Phasing is the radial distribution of

successive perforating charges around the
gun axis.
 Simply put, phasing is perforation orientation
or the angle between holes.
 Perforating gun assemblies are commonly
available in 0o, 180o, 120o, 90o & 60o
phasing.
SHOT PHASING
The 0o phasing (all shots are along the same side of the casing) is generally used only in small outside-
diameter guns.
60o, 90o & 120o degree phase guns are generally larger & provide more efficient flow characteristics near
the wellbore.
Optimized phasing reduces pressure drop near the wellbore by providing flow conduits on all sides of the
casing.
WELL/RESERVOIRCHARACTERISTICS

 Pressuredifferentialbetweenawellboreandreservoirbeforeperforatingcanbedescribedby:
 Underbalanced
 Overbalanced
 Extreme overbalanced(EOB)
RUNNING PERFORATION
RUNNING PERFORATION
PERFORATION VIDEO
THE END
Keep up the good work