SRINIVAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

MANGALORE
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING

2023-24
Subject name – Hydraulics & Pneumatics
 Module 1
Introduction to Hydraulic
power
What is hydraulic system?
 What is a System?
A group of elements arranged - rationalized manner to
achieve a desired goal or objective.
 Converts one form of energy into another.
 Music
system, mechanical system, electrical system,
Hydraulic system, Pneumatic system.
 Hydraulic
system – power is imparted to oil – help of
mechanical system – power contained in oil converted
back to mech. Energy.
PASCAL’S LAW

 Relatesto the use of confined fluids in transmitting power,

multiplying forces and modifying motions.

 Lawstates – “ pressure applied on a confined fluid is

transmitted undiminished in all directions & acts with
equal force on equal areas and at right angles to them”.
Example
 Applications of Pascals Law

 Hydraulic press
 Mechanical lever
 Clamps
 Hydraulic jacks
 Motor car brake &
clutch operation.
Problems on Pascals Law
Structure of hydraulic system
 Advantages of Hydraulic system
 Large amount of force - little input force
 Variable speed – flow control valve
 Reversible – without brought to rest and damage.
 Overload protection - protected – PR Valve.
 Power to weight ratio
 Instantaneous stopping
 Linear motion – easier
 Reduction in man power – operators fatigue
 Variable pressure – PR valve
 Operation cost - small.
 Safe in chemical plants & mines – not sparks
 Disadvantages of Hydraulic system
 Elements machined – high accuracy – better machine tools
required
 Devices expensive – initial investment high
 Major problem – leakage of oil & disposal
 Elements treated – against rust, corrosion & dirt
 Oil poses problems- disintegration (ageing) & chemical
deterioration.
 Petroleum based oil – fire hazards – limiting working
temperature.
 Applications
 Industrial hydraulic trucks
 Power steering
 Harvesting
 Braking system
 Aircraft and space crafts
 NC and CNC machines
 Bore wells
 Power jacks
 Sources of hydraulic power
A pump – mechanical device, raises a physical
quantity from a lower level to a higher.
 Name of pump depends – quantity to be raised (fluid,
heat)
 [Link] pumps - liquid pumps, gas pumps, 2. heat
pump.
 Hydraulic pump- imparts energy to fluid using
mechanical energy – converts mechanical energy in to
hydraulic energy.
Classification of hydraulic pumps
Hydrodynamic or NPDP
 Inertia of the fluid used to displace & transfer fluid
 Used for low pressure & high vol flow applications
 Not capable of withstanding HP – limited
 Provide smooth & continuous flow
 Max power capacity 1.7 to 2Mpa
 Advantages – low initial cost, min maintenance, noiseless
process, simple in operation, high reliability, handle all type
of fluids.
 Hydrostatic or PDP
 Most commonly used.
 Positivedisplacement – liquid always in
contact during its cycle with moving elements
 Volume changes from min to max, then max
to min.
 Fluid enter & leaves pump at same velocity
Pumping theory
Advantages of PDP

 High pressure (>=70mpa)

 Small & compact
 High power to weight ratio
 high volumetric efficiency
 Small variation in efficiency
 Greaterflexibility over varying speed &
pressure
Types of pump based on puming
elements

Gear pump

Vane pump

Piston pump
Gear pumps
 Consist of two meshing gears
 One gear – connected to driving shaft – drive
gear
 Drives second gear – driven or idle gear
 Enclosedinside housing with side plates –
pressure plate
 Types based on meshing
1. External gear pump
2. Internal gear pump
3. Combination of internal gears
External gear pumps
Theoretical Volumetric displacement of an external gear pump
Lobo pump
Internal gear pump
Gerotor pump
Why gear pumps are fixed
displacement pumps?
 Discharge – function of external & internal
diameters of gears, width of teeth & speed
 Housing & cover plates – manufactured to designed
dimensions
 No time for given gear pump – possible to change
elements of different dimensions
 Thus displacement – remain fixed
 Only possibility – varying speed
Vane pumps
 Rotary pumps & operates on same principle
 Increase in volume of cavity – vacuum – draw fluid
 Decrease in volume – fluid to be forced out
 Vanes allowed to track along ring – cam ring
 Classification
 Fixed displacement, unbalanced type
 Fixed displacement, balanced type
 Variable displacement, unbalanced type
 Variable displacement, balanced type
Vane pumps
Volumetric displacement of vane pump
Variable displacement pum
Balanced Vane pump
Pressure compensated vane pump
Piston pumps
 Piston reciprocate in a bore will draw fluid as it
extends & expels as it retracts.
1. Axial piston pump
2. Radial piston pump
 Axial piston pump – no. of pistons reciprocates
parallel to cylinder block.
1. Inline piston pump
2. Bent axis piston pump
Inline axial piston pump working
Variable displacement piston pump
Bent axial piston pump
Theoretical displacement of axial piston
pump
Radial piston pump
Pump performance
 Primarily depends on
1. materials used for components
2. Manufacturing precision (tolerances).
 Ideal pump zero tolerances
 Pump efficiencies - Overall efficiency
1. Volumetric efficiency
2. Mechanical efficiency
Hydraulic actuator & motors
 Power utilizing elements
 Actuatoris one which has motion or for which motion
can be imparted
 Motionof actuator is imparted by hydraulic energy –
hydraulic actuator.
 Based on type of motion
1. Linear actuators
2. Rotary actuators
Linear actuators (cylinders)
Single acting cylinder
Double acting cylinder
 Single cylinder types

1. Gravity or self return cylinder

2. Spring return cylinder
3. Telescopic cylinder
 Self return cylinder
Spring return cylinder
Telescopic cylinder
Types of Double acting Cylinder
Deferential cylinder
Non Differential cylinder
Cylinder mountings

 Main function – provide means of anchoring or securing cylinder

 Method of mounting – affect maximum rating or max thrust loading of
cylinder
 Many ways to mount cylinder – choice depends on construction of
cylinder
 Classified into 3 basic types
 Rigid mounts – absorb force on cylinder centerline
 Rigid mounts – absorb force on plane parallel
 Pivot mounts
 Rigid mounts – generally preferred – forces absorbed are heavy
Basic types
Common problems with cylinder

Sticky& slow start

Scoring of tube & piston
Leakage of oil
Wear out seal
Problems with links
 Cylinder applications
 Power steering
control
 Oceanography
applications
 Aircraft landing
system
 Dumpers
 Excavator
 Hydraulic jacks
 Cylinder applications
 Automobile hoisting
 Hydraulic jacks
 Steel mills
 Agriculture
equipments
Hydraulic rotary actuators
 Convertshydraulic energy into mechanical
energy in the form of rotary motion.
 Rotary motion & torque used to carry out
works.
 Commonly called as hydraulic motors.
 graphically
represented by a circle with dark
arrow towards centre.
 Motorclosely resembles hydraulic pumps in
construction.
 Classifications
 Based on speed and torque
1. High speed & low torque motors
2. Low speed & high torque motors
3. Limited rotation motors
 Based on displacement
1. Fixed displacement
2. Variable displacement
 Based on number of directions of rotations
1. Unidirectional
2. Bi-directional
 Based on moving internal element
1. Gear motors
2. Vane motors
3. Piston motors
4. Screw motors
5. Torque generators
Gear motors
External gear motor
Gerotor motors
Vane motors
Piston motors (Inline axial)
Principle working of axial piston motor
Radial piston motor
 Mechanics of Hydraulic cylinder

loading
Purpose of hydraulic cylinders – transmit motion & power
 May not be along the axis of the piston – away & inclined
 Many mechanisms – lever mechanism
 Lever –mechanical member – oscillate
 Fulcrum, applied force, load
Configuration of lever
Hydraulic cylinder in class I lever
system
Hydraulic cylinder in class II lever
system
Hydraulic cylinder in class III lever
system
Graphical
Symbols
Graphical
Symbols