Python: If Statement
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than
a")
If statement, without indentation (will raise an error)
Python: elif Statement
a = 33
b = 33
The elif keyword is Python's way of saying
if b > a:
"if the previous conditions were not true, then print("b is greater than
try this condition". a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
a = 200
The else keyword catches anything which b = 33
isn't caught by the preceding conditions if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
If you have only one statement to execute, print("a and b are equal")
you can put it on the same line as the if else:
print("a is greater than b")
statement: Short Hand of If
a = 2
if a > b: print("a is greater than b = 330
b") print("A") if a >
Python: if Statement
a = 200
b = 33
AND operation c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are
True")
a = 200
OR operation b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the
conditions is True")
a = 33
b = 200
NOT operation if not a > b:
print("a is NOT greater than
b")
Python: Nested If Statement
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
You can have if statements inside if statements, if x > 20:
this is called nested if statements. print("and also above
20!")
else:
print("but not above
20.")
a = 33
if statements cannot be empty, but if you for
b = 200
some reason have an if statement with no
content, put in the pass statement to avoid if b > a:
getting an error pass
Python: Match Statement
Instead of writing many if..else statements, you day = 4
can use the match statement. match day:
The match statement selects one of many code case 1:
blocks to be executed. print("Monday")
case 2:
This is how it works: print("Tuesday")
•The match expression is evaluated once. case 3:
print("Wednesday")
•The value of the expression is compared with the
case 4:
values of each case. print("Thursday")
•If there is a match, the associated block of code case 5:
is executed. print("Friday")
case 6:
match expression:
print("Saturday")
case x:
case 7:
code block
print("Sunday")
case y:
code block
case z:
code block
Python: Match Statement
day = 4
Use the underscore character _ as the last case match day:
value if you want a code block to execute when case 6:
there are not other matches print("Today is
Saturday")
case 7:
print("Today is Sunday")
case _:
print("Looking forward to
Use the pipe character | as an or operator in the Weekend")
the case evaluation to check for more than one
value match in one case day = 4
match day:
case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5:
print("Today is a
weekday")
case 6 | 7:
print("I love weekends!")
Python: Match Statement
You can add if statements in the case evaluation
as an extra condition-check:
month = 5
day = 4
match day:
case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 if month == 4:
print("A weekday in April")
case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 if month == 5:
print("A weekday in May")
case _:
print("No match")
The value _ will always match, so it is important to place it as the last case to make
it behave as a default case.
Python Loops
Python has two primitive loop
commands:
•while loops
•for loops
With the while loop we can execute a i = 1
while i < 6:
set of statements as long as a condition print(i)
is true. i += 1
Note: remember to increment i, or else the loop will continue forever.
Break Statement
i = 1
while i < 6:
With the break statement we can print(i)
stop the loop even if the while if i == 3:
condition is true: break
i += 1
i = 0
while i < 6:
With the continue statement we can i += 1
stop the current iteration, and if i == 3:
continue with the next: continue
print(i)
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
With the else statement we can run i += 1
a block of code once when the else:
condition no longer is true: print("i is no longer less than
Python For loops
A for loop is used for iterating over a
sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, fruits =
a dictionary, a set, or a string). ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
With the for loop we can execute a
set of statements, once for each item
in a list, tuple, set etc fruits =
["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
With the break statement we can stop if x == "banana":
break
the loop before it has looped through fruits =
all the items: ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
Python For loops
fruits =
With the continue statement we can ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
stop the current iteration of the loop, for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
and continue with the next: continue
print(x)
To loop through a set of code a specified
number of times, we can use for x in range(6):
the range() function. print(x)
for x in range(2, 6):
Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 print(x)
to 6, but the values 0 to 5.
for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
it is possible to specify the starting value
by adding a parameter: range(2, 6),
it is possible to specify the increment value by
which means values from 2 to 6 (but not adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3)
including 6):
Python For loops
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
The else keyword in a for loop specifies print("Finally finished!")
a block of code to be executed when
for x in range(6):
the loop is finished. if x == 3: break
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
A nested loop is a loop inside a loop. adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits =
The "inner loop" will be executed one ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
time for each iteration of the "outer
for x in adj:
loop”. for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
Python For loops
for loops cannot be empty, but if you
for some reason have a for loop with for x in [0, 1, 2]:
pass
no content, put in the pass statement
to avoid getting an error.
Solve some real problem!
1. Grading System (if, elif, nested if)
Write a program that:
•Asks the user for a marks input (0 to 100).
•Based on the marks, print the grade:
• 90-100 → A+
• 80-89 → A
• 70-79 → B
• 60-69 → C
• 50-59 → D
• Below 50 → Fail
•Tricky part: If marks are exactly 100, print "Perfect Score!" in addition to
grade.
Solve some real problem!
2. Food Menu Selection (match)
Write a program that:
•Displays a menu:
1. Pizza
2. Burger
3. Pasta
4. Salad
•Takes user's choice (1-4).
•Use a match-case to print a different message for each food item.
•Tricky part: If they input something else, print "Invalid choice. Try again!"
Solve some real problem!
3. Guess the Secret Number (while loop with break/continue)
Write a program that:
•A secret number (say 7) is fixed.
•The user is asked to guess the number.
•If guess is correct, print "Congratulations!" and break the loop.
•If guess is wrong:
• If the guess is negative, continue without any message.
• Else print "Wrong! Try again."
4. Multiplication Table (for loop)
Write a program that:
•Asks the user for a number.
•Print its multiplication table from 1 to 10 using a for loop.
•Tricky part: If the number is negative, print "Tables not available for negative
numbers." and stop.
Solve some real problem!
5. Number Triangle (nested for loop)
Write a program that:
•Asks the user for a number (e.g., 5).
•Print a number triangle like this:
1
12
123
1234
12345
Use nested for loops: Outer loop for rows, inner loop for numbers
in the row.
Solve some real problem!
6. Odd or Even Game (nested if with while loop)
Write a program that:
•Keeps asking the user for a number until they enter 0.
•For each number:
• Check if it is even or odd.
• Then check:
• If even and greater than 50, print "Big even number!"
• If odd and less than 10, print "Tiny odd number!"
• Otherwise, just print "Even" or "Odd" normally.
Solve some real problem!
7. Match a Month (match-case + nested if)
Write a program that:
•Asks the user for a month number (1-12).
•Use a match-case to:
• Print the month's name (e.g., 1 → January).
•Then inside the matched case, using nested if, check:
• If the month is January, print "Happy New Year!"
• If the month is December, print "Merry Christmas!"
