CHAPTER 6:
INTRODUCTION TO SQL
Modern Database Management
12th Edition
Jeff Hoffer, Ramesh Venkataraman,
Heikki Topi
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
OBJECTIVES
Define terms
Interpret history and role of SQL
Define a database using SQL data
definition language
Write single table queries using SQL
Establish referential integrity using
SQL
Discuss SQL:1999 and SQL:2011
standards
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-2
SQL OVERVIEW
Structured Query Language – often
pronounced “Sequel”
The standard for relational database
management systems (RDBMS)
RDBMS: A database management
system that manages data as a
collection of tables in which all
relationships are represented by
common values in related tables
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-3
HISTORY OF SQL
1970–E. F. Codd develops relational database
concept
1974-1979–System R with Sequel (later SQL)
created at IBM Research Lab
1979–Oracle markets first relational DB with SQL
1981 – SQL/DS first available RDBMS system on
DOS/VSE
Others followed: INGRES (1981), IDM (1982),
DG/SGL (1984), Sybase (1986)
1986–ANSI SQL standard released
1989, 1992, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011–Major
ANSI standard updates
Current–SQL is supported by most major
database
Chapter 6 vendors
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-4
PURPOSE OF SQL STANDARD
Specify syntax/semantics for data
definition and manipulation
Define data structures and basic
operations
Enable portability of database definition
and application modules
Specify minimal (level 1) and complete
(level 2) standards
Allow for later growth/enhancement to
standard (referential integrity,
transaction management, user-defined
functions, extended join operations,
national
Chapter 6 character sets)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-5
BENEFITS OF A STANDARDIZED RELATIONAL
LANGUAGE
Reduced training costs
Productivity
Application portability
Application longevity
Reduced dependence on a single
vendor
Cross-system communication
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-6
SQL ENVIRONMENT
Catalog
A set of schemas that constitute the description of a database
Schema
The structure that contains descriptions of objects created by a
user (base tables, views, constraints)
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Commands that define a database, including creating, altering,
and dropping tables and establishing constraints
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Commands that maintain and query a database
Data Control Language (DCL)
Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-7
Figure 6-1
A simplified schematic of a typical SQL environment, as
described by the SQL: 2011 standard
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Figure 6-4
DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-9
SQL DATABASE DEFINITION
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Major CREATE statements:
CREATE SCHEMA–defines a portion of the
database owned by a particular user
CREATE TABLE–defines a new table and its
columns
CREATE VIEW–defines a logical table from
one or more tables or views
Other CREATE statements: CHARACTER
SET, COLLATION, TRANSLATION, ASSERTION,
DOMAIN
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SQL DATA TYPES
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-11
STEPS IN TABLE CREATION
1. Identify data types for attributes
2. Identify columns that can and cannot be null
3. Identify columns that must be unique
(candidate keys)
4. Identify primary key–foreign key mates
5. Determine default values
6. Identify constraints on columns (domain
specifications)
7. Create the table and associated indexes
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-12
Figure 6-5 General syntax for CREATE TABLE
statement used in data definition language
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THE FOLLOWING SLIDES CREATE TABLES
FOR THIS ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL
(from Chapter 1, Figure 1-3)
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Figure 6-6 SQL database definition commands for PVF Company
(Oracle 12c)
Overall table
definitions
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Defining attributes and their data types
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Non-nullable specification
Primary keys
can never have
NULL values
Identifying primary key
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Non-nullable specifications
Primary key
Some primary keys are composite–
composed of multiple attributes
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Controlling the values in attributes
Default value
Domain constraint
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Identifying foreign keys and establishing relationships
Primary key of
parent table
Foreign key of dependent table
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DATA INTEGRITY CONTROLS
Referential integrity–constraint
that ensures that foreign key
values of a table must match
primary key values of a related
table in 1:M relationships
Restricting:
Deletes of primary records
Updates of primary records
Inserts of dependent records
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-21
Figure 6-7 Ensuring data integrity through updates
Relational
integrity is
enforced via
the primary-
key to foreign-
key match
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-22
CHANGING TABLES
ALTER TABLE statement allows you to
change column specifications:
Table Actions:
Use “MODIFY” instead of
“ALTER” COLUMN is actually
Example mandatory
(adding a new column for thevalue)
with a default
action
DROP :
Only include “COLUMN” in
DROP modifiers
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-23
REMOVING TABLES
DROP TABLE statement allows
you to remove tables from your
schema:
DROP TABLE CUSTOMER_T
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-24
INSERT STATEMENT
Adds one or more rows to a table
Inserting into a table
Inserting a record that has some null attributes
requires identifying the fields that actually get
data
Inserting from another table
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 6-25
