SC - Excavation /001 / R00 Dt.03.01.
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Excavation
Excavation - any man made cut, cavity, trench or depression in the earth
surface formed by earth removal either manually or mechanically
Trench excavation means a narrow excavation( in relation to its length)
made below the surface of ground.
In general the depth is greater than the width, but the width of a trench
should not greater than 15 feet(4.6 mts)
IS 3764 1992 : Excavation Work – Code Of Safety
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What We Will Cover
• Hazards in Excavation
• Soil Classifications
• Protective Systems
• Inspections
• Emergency Response
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Excavation Hazards
• Soil collapse • Hazardous
• Utilities atmospheres
• Access/Egress • Water accumulation
• • Adjacent structures
Vehicle traffic
• Loose rock or soil
• Falling loads
• Cave-in
• Mobile equipment
IS 3764 1992 : Excavation Work – Code Of Safety
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Toppled transit mixer.
Look at the broken loose land
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Description of accident: The transit
mixer carried with 6cubic meters of concrete inside reached the site (KM
40+400) at about 11.50am and was parked at about 0.5 meter away from the
edge of the excavated side wall. Victim started fitting the additional chutes
to the mixer. During that time the edge of land near excavated wall
collapsed. Mixer toppled into the pit. The pin of the additional chute
penetrated into his right arm causing cut injury. He had bruises near his
neck due to chute . He was admitted to hospital at about 12.30 pm. His
treatment was started.
After 3 days he developed breathing trouble at 3.00am. He was given
treatment but he died at 3.40am.
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EXCAVATION
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EXCAVATION
Footin
Footing
g
fallen
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Accidents Related to vehicle
Run-over
Hit pedestrian
Collision
Hit against permanent structures.
Rolled from elevation.
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Why construction site has more chances?
Temporary roads.
Adjacent working areas.
Adjacent pits.
Adjacent dump’s & fills.
Spill of boulders and
construction Materials
Improper Gradient
Insufficient illumination
Poor Vehicle Condition
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provide Flap in all the dumpers involved in the
material shifting to prevent fall of boulders on the
road.
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Covering the materials being shifted
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What is the Solution ?
Method Statement with Safe Operating
Procedure
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PRE EXCAVATION-
• Prepare Safe Working procedure.
• Do HIRA for the EXCAVATION
• Ask supervisor to take permit to work by clearing underground
and above ground UTILITIES ( eg.- UNDER GROUND LIVE
CABLE,WATER PIPE ,GAS LINE,TELEPHONE LINE Etc.) over
head HT/LT Line
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Whether appropriate slope / Shoring system provided
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Type A : Cohesive soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 143.69 kN /
M2 or greater. Examples : clay, silty clay, sandy clay, clay loam
Type B : 47.91 – 143.69 kN / M2
Eg : Semi cohesive soils including: angular gravel (similar to crushed rock), silt, silt
loam, sandy loam
Type C: < 47.91 kN / M2
Eg: Cohesion less soils gravel, sand, loamy sand, submerged soil or soil from
which water is freely seeping or submerged rock that is not stable
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Gravel Sand
Sand
Gravel
>2mm 0.075 to 2mm
SOIL
SOIL
Organi
Organi
cc
matter
matter
Silt
Silt
Clay
Clay
0.002 to 0.075
< 0.002mm
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Type “A”
• Fine grained
• Doesn’t crumble Clay Loam
• Hard to break up when dry
Examples:
• Clay
Clay
• Hardpan
• Silty or sandy clay, clay loam
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Type B
– Granular: coarse grains
– Little or no clay content
– Crumbles easily when dry Silty loam
Examples: Loam
• Silt-fine mineral particles in size
between clay and sand
• Loam-from fragments of rock
deposits in water
• Angular gravel-crushed rock-the
angular nature of the individual
rocks provides some resistance to
movement 20 Angular gravel
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Type C*
– Granular soil: very coarse
– Minimal cohesion
– Examples: Sand
• Sand
• Gravel
• Loamy sand
• Submerged soil or soil with freely seeping
Gravel
water
• Submerged rock that is not stable.
*Type C is the most common soil classification in COSTAL AREA 21 Loamy sand
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Utilities
Underground
– Locate prior to digging
– Certify deactivation
– Protect, support, or remove
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Utilities
• Aboveground
– De-energize or
– Isolation from power
lines
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Utilities
Underground Above ground
Permit Sy s tem
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Access/Egress
Ladders
• 01 ladder for every 30 m
Length – Normal Operations
• 01 ladder for every 15 m
length – Hazards operation
Ramps with soil with slope
not more than 15o
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Access/Egress
Ladders - @ every 30 m. length
Gangways ( width not less than 75 cm)
Stairs cut on earth
Stair tower
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Vehicle Traffic
Reverse Horn
Banks man
Stop Block
Defined traffic route
Maintain 2 M clear distance
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STACKING OF MATERIAL
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Mobile Equipment
• Warning system
• Barricades
• Hand signals
• Mechanical signals
• Stop logs
Heavy equipment such as excavating
machinery and road traffic shall be kept
away from the edge not less than the depth
of the trench or at least 6m for trench
deeper than 6 m.
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Hazardous Atmospheres
Oxygen- not less than 19.5%
CO –not more than .01% by vol.
C02- –not more than 1% by vol
H2S –not more than .002% by vol
Flammable gas - –not more than 1.5%
by vol
Petroleum
Other toxics
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Soil Collapse
Constitutes 60 % of Excavation accidents.
Severity of Hazard is very high.
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Soil mechanics
• Tension cracks:- Tension crack usually form at a horizontal distance of 0.5 to
0.75times the depth of trench, measured from the top of the vertical face of the
trench.
• Sliding may occur as a result of tension cracks.
• Toppling occurs when the trench' s vertical face shears along with the tension
crack line & topples into the excavation.
• Heaving or squeezing. Bottom heaving or squeezing is caused by the
downward pressure created by the weight of adjoining soil. This pressure
causes a bulge in the bottom of cut.
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Soil Collapse
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Soil Collapse
Constitutes 60 % of Excavation accidents.
Severity of Hazard is very high.
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Preventing Soil Collapse
SLOPE / SHORING
Above 5 ft. depth.
1M3 SOIL WEIGHS APP. 1.8 MT
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Simple Sloping
•Stable Rock 900
• Type A - 3/4:1 530
Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed by a registered
professional engineer.
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Simple Sloping
• Type B - 1:1
450
• Type C - 1½ :1 34 0
Note :Greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed by a registered
professional engineer.
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Benching
• Type A
• Type B
• (cohesive soil)
NA
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Benching
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BASIC COMPONENTS OF SHORING
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MAINTAINING SLOPE AT THE TIME OF EXCAVATION & EMBAKEMENT EDGE CUTTING
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TIMBER SHORING INSTALLATIONS
REFER TO DESIGN ENGR. 42
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Important Notes
• All shoring should be installed from the top
down & removed from the bottom up.
• Trench boxes protect worker from cave-ins
& similar incidents.
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SOFT AND HARD BARRICADING
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BARRICATION
1 M From Excavation Edge
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Prior to Excavation
Ground condition
Ground / Surface Water
Under ground utilities
Adjacent buildings
Dynamic load
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USE MEGAR TO DETECT UNDR
GROUNDUTILITY BEFORE EXCAVATION
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PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES
SOIL TEST REPORT
ASSIGN A FOREMAN / SUPERVISOR
PLAN FOR EXCAVATION – slope / shoring, disposal yard, etc.
NEED OF WORK PERMIT SYSTEM
ACCESS
HAND RAILING & CAUTION BOARDS
LIGHTING
SAFETY ROPE FOR ENTERING TRENCHES
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PERMIT TO WORK
INSPECT THE LOCATION
ACCORDING TO
CHECKLIST
PREAPARE AND VERIFY
HIRA
ATTACHED METHOD OF
STATEMENT
CHECK THE VALIDATION
OF WORKER (GATE PASS)
ENSURE THE
MANDATORY PPES
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FOR EXCAVATION-
DO’S DONT’S
• BELOW 1.5MTR USED SOFT BARRICADING AND • DON’T STACK MATERIAL NEAR THE EDGE OF
ABOVE 1.5 MTR THE EXCAVATED ARE MUST BE EXCAVATION PIT MAINTAIN AT LEAST 1MTR
BARRICADED BY HARD BARRICADING DISTANCE FROM THE EDGE.
• ERECT BARRICADES AT MINIMUM OF 1.5 METERS • WORKMEN SHOULD NOT BE WITHIN SWING
DISTANCE FROM THE EDGE OF EXCAVATION. AREA OF THE EXCAVATOR.
• ABOVE 1.5 MTR MAINTAIN SLOPE,BENCH AND • DON’T PARK EXCAVATED MATERIALS NEAR
SHORING. THE EXCAVATED EDGE (MAINTAIN MINIMUM
• PROVIDE SAFETY NET ON THE SIDE WALLS FOR 6MTR DISTANCE )
PROTECTION AGAINST FALL OF BOULDERS AND
LOOSE MATERIALS MUST BE WELL ANCHORED AT
THE TOP.
• MAKE PROPER ACCESS/STEPS AND SLOPE FOR MAN
& MACHINE MOVEMENTS.
• PROPER APPROACH TO BE PROVIDED (AT LEAST TWO
NOS.) FOR BIG EXCAVATIONS.
• ILLUMINATION SHALL BE ADEQUATELY PROVIDED
FOR NIGHT WORK.
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Excavation Rescue
• Notify:
– Field personnel
– Emergency Coordinator
– Fire Department
– Police Department
– Emergency Medical Services (EMS)/Hospital
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Thank You
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