TAZKIYAH

ACADEMY
S e l f - P u r i fi c a t i o n A n d
Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n
Computer Science
11th – 12th CBSE
Irshad Teacher
BCA | M.Sc IT

Ahma JAVA IIT Bombay

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 Contents

1. Introduction to computer system

2. Hardware and software
3. Input and output devices
4. Processing unit
5. Memory – (Primary, cache & secondary)
6. Units of memory- (Bit, Nibble, Byte, KB, MB,
GB, TB, PB)
 1 Introduction To Computer System

 A computer is a programmable electronic device that

processes data based on a set of instructions (called a
program) to perform a wide variety of tasks such as
calculations, data management, and automation.

 Computer system is a combination of hardware and

software.
 2 Hardware and Software
Hardware and software are the two fundamental
components of a computer system, working together to
enable its functionality.

 Hardware refers to the physical or tangible

components of a computer system that can be seen and
touched.
 Input & output devices
 Storage devices
 Internal components
 Software is a set of programs or instructions that tell
the computer how to perform specific tasks.
 It is intangible, meaning it cannot be seen or touched,
but it controls the operation of hardware.
 Virtual component with Logical Structure.
 System Software
 Application software
 Utility software
 3 Input Devices
The electromagnetic devices that accept data or
a set of instructions from the user and then
translate that data into machine- readable and
understandable form are know as Input Devices
• Input devices are essential for communication
between the user and the computer system.
• Different devices are used depending on the type of
data (text, audio, image, etc.) to be entered.
 Classification of Input Devices
• Input devices can be classified into the following
categories:
a) Text input device
b) Pointing input device
c) Audio input device
d) Visual input device
e) Touch-Based devices
f) Automatic data input device
1. Text Input Devices- Used to enter textual and numerical data.
• Keyboard – Most common input device for typing text, numbers,
and commands.
2. Pointing devices- Used to control the position of the cursor/pointer
on the screen.
• Mouse- Moves the cursor and moves the object.
• Touchpad- Flat surface used as a mouse substitute, common in
laptops.
• Joystick- Mostly used for games and simulations.
• Trackball- A stationary pointing device with a rotating ball.
3. Audio Input devices- Used to input sound or voice into the
computer.
• Microphone- Captures voice and sound for processing or
communication.
• MIDI Devices- Used to input musical instrument data.
4. Visual Input devices- Used to capture images or videos.
• Scanner- Converts documents and images into digital form.
5. Touch-Based Devices- allows users to interact directly with the
screen.
• Touch Screen- Responds to touch gestures (tap, swipe,
pinch)
• Light Pen- Used to draw or select objects directly on the
screen.

6. Automatic data Input Device- Capture and enter data

automatically.
• Barcode Reader- Scans barcode and converts them into
data.
• QR Code Scanner- Scans quick response (QR) codes.
• Magnetic Strip Reader- Reads data from magnetic strips
(ATM cards)
• Biometric devices- Input data based on physical
characteristics (fingerprints, retina, face)
 4 Output Devices
• They are responsible for delivering the final result of the computer’s
operations to the user, either in soft copy ( on-screen or audio) or hard
copy (printed) format.
• Therefore, they are peripherals that receive data from a computer and
present it in a form understandable to user, such as visual, audio, or
physical format.
• Output devices are mainly classified into the following categories:
a) Display Devices
b) Hard Coy Devices – Printers
c) Audio Output Devices
d) Plotters
e) Haptic Output Devices
1. Display Devices: these devices display the output in text, graphics, videos
to the user.
a) Monitor :
VDU – Visual Display Unit
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display
LED - Light emitting diode
OLED – Organic LED
b) Projectors: Used to project visuals onto large screen
DLP – Digital Light Processing
LCD Projectors
2. Hard Copy Devices - Printers: Printers provide hard copies (physical
printouts) of digital documents and images.
b) Non- impact Printers:
c) Impact Printers: Inkjet Printers
Dot Matrix Printers Laser Printers
Daisy Wheel Printers Thermal Printers
Line Printers
3. Plotter: used for printing large-scale graphics like engineering
drawings and architectural plans.
Drum Plotter
Flatbed Plotter
Inkjet Plotter

4. Audio Output Devices: These devices produce sound or audio

output.
Speakers, Headphones/Earphones.

5. Haptic Output Devices: These provide output in the form of touch

or vibration.
Vibration-based Controllers ( Eg. Gamepads)
Braille Readers For Visually Impaired Users.
 4 Processing Unit
 The processing unit is the core component of a computer that
is responsible for executing the instruction of computer
programs, performing calculations, and managing the flow of
data.
 Key functions of a processing unit:
a) Interpreting Instructions: The CPU reads and interprets
instructions from the computer’s memory, determining what
actions to perform.
b) Performing Calculations: It performs arithmetic and
logical operations.
c) Controlling Data flow: The CPU manages the flow of data
between different parts of the computer, including main
memory, input/output, and other devices.
d) Execute programs: The CPU executes software programs
by following the instructions the provide.
• Main Components Of Processing Unit:
1. Control Unit: This component fetches instructions from
the memory and decodes them, directing the ALU to
perform the necessary operations.
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs
arithmetic and logical operations on data.
3. Registers: These are smallest, high-speed storage
locations within the CPU that hold data and instructions
temporarily during processing.
4. Cache Memory: A smaller, high-speed memory that stores
frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up
processing.
Chapter
Memory
UnitSir
By: Irshad
 Contents
1. Computer Memory
2. Types Of Memory
a) Primary Memory
b) Cache Memory
c) Virtual Memory
d) Registers
e) Secondary Memory
 5 Computer Memory
 Computer Memory refers to the system that stores data,
instructions, and information for processing.
 Computer memory can be either volatile or non-volatile .
 Memory can be hardware or not.
 Types of computer memory:
In general, computer memory is divided into three types:
1. Primary memory
2. Secondary memory
3. Catch memory

Note: These types are further subdivided into many types.

Cache Memory
 1. Primary Memory
• Also known as Main Memory, Volatile , internal memory, used to store
data and programs or instructions temporarily while programs are being
executed.
• It uses semiconductor technology and hence is commonly called
semiconductor memory.
• Directly accessible by the CPU.
• Primary memory is of two types – RAM and ROM.

Random Access Memory –RAM: Is a volatile memory. Volatile memory

stores information based on the power supply. If the power supply
fails/interrupted/stopped, all the data and information on this memory will
be lost.
 Used to Booting Up or Starting the computer.
 Fast but loses data when power is off
 RAM is of two types - S RAM and D RAM
1. Static RAM: It uses transistors and Flip-Flop circuits of this memory are
capable of retaining their state as long as the power is applied.
• Faster and more expensive than DRAM.
• Does not need to be refreshed frequently.
• Uses Flip-flop circuits to store data.
• Used in cache memory.
• Consumes less power.

2. Dynamic RAM: It uses capacitors and transistors and stores the data as a
charge on the capacitors..
• Slower but cheaper than SRAM.
• Needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second.
• Stores data using capacitors.
• Used as Main Memory (RAM) in most systems.
• Higher density- more storage per chip.
DRAM are of following sub-types:
a) Synchronous DRAM- (SDRAM)-
b) Double Data Rate SDRAM- (DDR SDRAM)
Read only Memory – ROM: It’s a non-volatile memory- stores information
even when there is a power supply failed/ interrupted/stopped.
• We can only read the programs and data that are stored on it.
• Stores permanent data or instruction.
• ROM is of four types- MROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM.

1. Masked ROM: Oldest and most basic type of ROM, where data is
permanently written during the manufacturing process by the
semiconductor company.
• Pre-programmed at the factory using a photolithographic ‘Mask’.
• Data can’t be modified or erased after manufacturing.
• Non- volatile, very low cost per unit.
2. Programmable Read-Only Memory- (PROM): Blank ROM that can be
programmed once by the user using a special device called a PROM.
• Modifiable once by the user
• Once written, data can’t be changed or erased.
• Used in systems where permanent programming is needed.
3. Erasable Programmable ROM- (EPROM):
• Is an extension to PROM where you can erase the content of ROM by
exposing it to Ultraviolet Rays for nearly 40 minutes.
• Has a quartz window on top for UV light exposure.

4. Electrically Erasable programmable ROM- EEPROM:

• Can be erased and reprogrammed electrically, using software.
• Data can be modified one byte at a time.
• Widely used in BIOS chips and embedded systems.
• More flexible and convenient than EPROM.
 Cache Memory
• It’s a small, high-speed memory located between the CPU and Main Memory.
• It holds frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing.
• It is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory.
• Acts as buffer between RAM and the CPU.
• It’s close to CPU.
• If data found then Cache Hit, if not found then Cache Miss.

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 Levels Of Cache
Cache is divided into multiple levels (L1,L2,L3) to balance speed, cost, size.
Level -1 Cache :
• Location: Built into the CPU chip.
• Speed: Fastest among all caches.
• Size: Smallest- typically 16 kb to 128 kb.
• Purpose: Store the most frequently used data and instructions.
• Access Time: 1-2 ns (nanoseconds).
Level-2 Cache:
• May be in CPU chip or on a separate chip (Hardware) close to the CPU.
• Slower the L1, faster than L3.
• Medium size – 256 kb to 1 MB.
• Acts as a backup for L1; holds data not found in L1.
• Access time: 3- 10 ns.
Level-3 Cache:
• Shared among all CPU cores on the chip (Hardware component).
• Slower than L1 and L2, but faster than Ram.
• Largest – 4 MB to 50 MB.
• Supports L1 and L2; improves performance in multi-core CPUs.
• Access time: 10 – 20 ns.
 Virtual Memory
• Virtual memory is a memory management technique that
gives an illusion of a large Main Memory by using a portion of
the Hard disk as temporary RAM.
• When RAM is full, less-used data is moved from RAM to a
reserved space on the Hard Disk called Page File or Swap
Space.
• This frees up the RAM for active processing.
• When needed again, the data is swapped back into RAM.
 Register
Registers are small, high-speed storage locations inside the
CPU used to hold data, instructions, addresses, or
intermediate results during processing.
• Fastest among all memory units.
• Directly accessed by CPU
• Volatile memory

Memory Unit
• Stores temporary data and
instructions
• Set of Registers
• Register- Combination of Flip-
Flops
• Flip-flop: Single bit data storage
unit
 Ty p e s O f R e g i s t e r s
1. Accumulator Register :
• Stores intermediate results during arithmetic or logical
calculations.
2. Data Register (DR):
• Hold data being processed by the CPU.
3. Program Counter (PC):
• Holds the memory address of the next instruction to be
executed.
4. Memory Address Register (MAR):
• Stores the address of the memory location to be accessed.
5. Memory Data/Buffer Register (MDR/MBR):
• Holds the data being transferred to or from memory.
6. Instruction Register (IR):
• Holds the currently executing instruction.
7. Index Register:
• used to modify the address of operands during program