2.

Power flow calculation of open network with the same voltage

level

Figure 3-9 Open network at the same voltage level

A) system diagram b) equivalent circuit c) simplified equivalent circuit
[Link] terminal voltage and terminal power are
known
If U is the reference voltage, then
d

The power loss in the end of the line in section III is

~ B3 2
ΔS Y 3  jΔQY 3  j U d
2
The power flowing out of the end of the impedance branch of the third stage line is
~ ~ ~ ~
S 3  S Ld  S Y 3  S Ld - jQY 3  P3 jQ3
The power loss and voltage drop in the impedance branch of the third section of the line are
~ P32  Q32
S 3  2
R3  jX 3  P3  jQ3
Ud

 P3R3  Q3X 3 P3X 3  Q3R3

dU 3 U 3  jU 3  j
Ud Ud
The power flowing into the first end of the impedance branch of the third
section of the line is
~ ~ ~
S 3  S 3  S 3  P3  jQ3
 

The voltage at point c is U c U d  dU 3 (U d  U 3 )  jU 3

U c  (U d  U 3 ) 2 （ U 3）2

Using the same calculation as for line II, find the voltage at point B and the power flowing into the
~
impedance branch at the beginning of line II. 
U c S 3 U b S~2
Using the same calculation as for line I, the voltage at point A and the power flowing into the
impedance branch at the beginning of line I are obtained.
 ~  ~
U b S 2 U a S1
~ ~ ~ ~ B1 2
The power delivered by point A is:  
S a  S1  S Y 1  S1 - j U a
2
 [Link] starting voltage and the terminal power are known

Assume that the voltage of the whole network is the rated voltage, and merge the loads of each node
in the equivalent network of Figure 3-9c into a simplified equivalent circuit as shown in Figure 3-10.

Figure 3-10 Simplified equivalent circuit of Figure 3-9c

in the picture:

~ ~ ~ ~ 1
S b  S Lb  S Yb  S Lb  j ( B1  B2 )U N2
2
~ ~ ~ ~ 1
S c  S Lc  S Yc  S Lc  j ( B2  B3 )U N2
2
~ ~ ~ ~ 1
S d  S Ld  S Y 3  S Ld  j B3U N2
2
 Then the power is calculated from the end to the beginning of each segment, without
calculating the voltage, so as to obtain the power distribution of each segment and the power at
the beginning.
For section III line:

~ ~ ~ P32  Q32 ~ ~ ~
S 3 S d S 3  2
R3  jX 3   
S 3 S 3  S 3
UN
For the second line:

~ ~ ~ ~ P22  Q22 ~ ~ ~
S 2  S 3  S c
 S 2  R2  jX 2  S 2  S 2  S 2
2
UN
For section I:

~ ~ ~ ~ P12  Q12 ~ ~ ~
S1  S 2  S b S1  2
R1  jX 1   

S1  S1  S1
UN
~ ~ ~ ~ B1 2
The power delivered by point A is: S a  S1  S y1  S1  j U N
2
 Using the given front end voltage and the obtained front end power, the voltage drop
is calculated from the front end to the end segment by segment, so as to obtain the voltage
of each node.
For example, line I:

 P1R1  Q1X 1 P1X 1  Q1R1

dU 1 U 1  jU 1  j
Ua Ua
Then the voltage at point b is:

U b U a  dU 1 (U a  U 1 )  jU 1

U b  (U a  U 1 ) 2 （ U 1）2

If the horizontal component of the voltage drop is omitted, then

U b U a  U 1
[Example 3-1] (P49) Find the power flow
distribution and the actual voltage on the
low-voltage side of the transformer.

(1) Parameter calculation:

Figure 3-12 System wiring diagram of Example 3-1

circuit: R  jX 10.8  j16.64()

B
2.19 10  4 (S)
2
transformer: RT  jX T 1.16  j 20.17()
GT - jBT (5.13  j 36.4) 10  6 (S)

~ ~
S Z S ZT

~ ~ ~
S Y 1 S YT
S Y 2
The computing
load of node 2
Figure 3-13 Equivalent circuit of Example 3-1
(2) Set the voltage of the whole network as the rated voltage, and calculate the power distribution from the end to
the beginning.

~ P32  Q32
S ZT  2
( RT  jX T ) 0.24  j 4.167(MVA)
UN
~ ~ ~
S 3  S 3  S ZT 40.24  j 34.167(MVA)
~
S YT (GT  jBT )U N2 0.62  j 0.44(MVA)
~ B 2
S Y 2  j U N - j 2.65(MVA)
2
~ ~ ~
S 2 S YT  S Y 2 0.062 - j 2.21(MVA)
~ ~ ~
S 2  S 2  S 3 40.302  j 31.957(MVA)

~ P22  Q22
S Z  2
( R  jX ) 2.361  j 3.638(MVA ）
UN
~ ~ ~
S1  S 2  S Z 42.663  j 35.595(MVA)
 ~ B
S Y 1  j U N2 - j 2.65(MVA)
2
~ ~ ~

S1  S1  S Y1 42.663  j 32.945(MVA)
(3) According to the given initial voltage, the voltage distribution from the initial end to the end is obtained.

P R  Q1X P1X  Q1R

U 12  1 9(kV) U 12  2.78(kV)
U1 U1

U 2  (U 1 - U 12 ) 2 （ U 12）2 108.036(kV)

Without the horizontal component: U 2 U 1  U 12 117  9 108(kV)

P3RT  Q3 X T 40.24 1.16  34.167 20.17

U 23   6.8(kV)
U2 108
U 3 U 2  U 23 108  6.8 101.2(kV)
U 3 101.2
U3   10.12(kV)
The actual voltage of the low voltage bus is: K 110 / 11
 3.3 Power flow calculation of simple closed network

The closed network flow calculation is carried out in two steps:

Take the voltage of the whole network as the rated voltage, and do not consider the voltage loss and power
loss to find the initial power distribution of the network;
According to the initial power distribution, the closed network is decomposed into two open networks, and
then the power flow calculation is carried out for these two open networks respectively.
Power point refers to the node where power flows in from both sides, which is divided into active power point
and reactive power point, respectively distinguished by "▼" and "▽".

If node 2 is the power point, then the network is decomposed at node 2:

Then the power flow calculation can be carried out according to the open network method