SRM Institute of Science and Technology,

Chennai

21CSS101J –Programming for Problem Solving

Unit-II
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai

Prepared by:
Dr. P. Saravanan,
Assistant Professor
Department of Computing Technologies
SRMIST-KTR
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai
 Unit-II

Conditional Control -Statements :Simple if, if...else - Conditional Statements : else if and nested if -
Conditional Statements : Switch case - Un-conditional Control Statements : break, continue, goto -
Looping Control Statements: for, while, do.while - Looping Control Statements: nested for, nested while
- Introduction to Arrays -One Dimensional (1D) Array Declaration and initialization - Accessing, Indexing
and operations with 1D Arrays - Array Programs – 1D - Initializing and Accessing 2D Array, Array
Programs – 2D - Pointer and address-of operators -Pointer Declaration and dereferencing, Void Pointers,
Null pointers ,Pointer based Array manipulation
Conditional Control Statements

The statements inside your source files are generally executed from top to bottom, in the order that they
appear. Control flow statements, however, break up the flow of execution by employing decision
making, looping, and branching, enabling your program to conditionally execute particular blocks of
code. This section describes the decision-making statements (if-then, if-then-else, switch), the looping
statements (for, while, do-while), and the branching statements (break, continue, goto ) supported by
the Java programming language.

Selection Statement Iteration Statement Jumping Statement

if while break

if-else for continue

switch do-while goto

Conditional Control Statements
Selection Statement
Selection statements are also referred to as decision making statements, branching statements, and
conditional control statements. The selection statements are used to choose a portion of the program to
run based on a condition.
Simple if Statement
The if statement is used when you want a specific statement to be executed if a given condition is true. A
condition is any expression that returns a boolean value, such as true or false (1 or 0)

Syntax Flow of execution

if`(condition)
{ True
condition
Statement-block;
} Statement-block
False
Next statement;
Next statement
Conditional Control Statements
Example:// simple if
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int x=10;
if(x<20)
{
printf("Statements inside if executed\n");
}
printf("Statements outside if executed"); Output:
} Statements inside if executed
Statements outside if executed
Conditional Control Statements
if..else Statement
If the condition is True, the true block of statements is executed; if the condition is False, the false block
of statements is executed.

Syntax Flow of execution

if`(condition)
{
False True
True block statements; condition
}
else True-block
False-block
{ statement statement

False block
statements;
Next statement
}
Conditional Control Statements
Example:// if..else
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int age=21;
if(age>18)
{
printf("Eligible to Vote");
}
else Output:
{ Eligible to Vote
printf("Not eligible to Vote");
}
}
Conditional Control Statements
else if
A cascading if-else statement is a collection of if-else statements in which the outer statement's false path
is a nested if-else statement. The nesting process can go on for several levels.
Conditional Control Statements
Example:// simple if
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m;
printf("Input m value");//Month
scanf("%d",&m);
if(m==1 || m==2 || m==12)
{
printf("Winter");
}
else if(m==3 || m==4 || m==5)
{
printf("Spring");
}
else if(m==6 || m==7 || m==8)
{
printf("Summer");
}
Conditional Control Statements
else if(m==9 || m==10 || m==11)
{
printf("Autumn");
}
else
{
printf("Invalid Month");
} Output:
} Input m value5
Spring
Conditional Control Statements
Nested if
Nested If in C Programming is placing If Statement inside another IF Statement. Nested If in C is
helpful if you want to check the condition inside a condition.

Syntax:
if( boolean_expression 1) {

/* Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true */

if(boolean_expression 2) {
/* Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true */
}
}
Conditional Control Statements
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a = 100;
int b = 200;
if( a == 100 ) {
if( b == 200 ) {
printf("Value of a is 100 and b is 200\n" );
}
}
printf("Exact value of a is : %d\n", a ); Output:
printf("Exact value of b is : %d\n", b ); Value of a is 100 and b is 200
return 0; Exact value of a is : 100
} Exact value of b is : 200
Conditional Statements
Switch case
The switch statement is an example of a multiway branch statement. Using the switch statement, it is
very simple to select only one option from a large number of options. We provide a value to be
compared with a value associated with each option in the switch statement. When the given value
matches the value associated with an option, the option is selected.
Notes
✔ If we do not use the break statement, all statements after the matching label are also executed.
✔ The default clause inside the switch statement is optional.
Conditional Statements
Conditional Control Statements
Example: // Switch case
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int day;
printf("Enter the day\n");
scanf("%d",&day);
switch(day)
{
case 1:
printf("Sunday");
break;
case 2:
printf("Monday");
break;
case 3:
printf("Tuesday");
break;
Conditional Control Statements
case 4:
printf("Wednesday");
break;
case 5:
printf("Thursday");
break;
case 6:
printf("Friday");
break;
case 7:
printf("Saturday"); Output:
break; Enter the day
default: 1
printf("Invalid day"); Sunday
}
}
Un-Conditional Control Statements
break
When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is immediately terminated
and the program control resumes at the next statement following the loop.
Conditional Control Statements
Example-1: // break
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i==2)
break;
printf("%d\n",i);
} Output:
} 1
Conditional Control Statements
Example-2: // break
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i==3)
{
break;
}
printf("%d\n",i); Output:
} 1
} 2
Un-Conditional Control Statements
continue
The C continue statement is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow of the
program and skips the remaining code at the specified condition.

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
for(int i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
if(i==3)
{
continue; Output:
} 1
printf("%d\n",i); 2
} 4
} 5
Un-Conditional Control Statements
goto
The goto statement is known as jump statement in C. As the name suggests, goto is used to
transfer the program control to a predefined label. The goto statment can be used to repeat
some part of the code for a particular condition.
Syntax:
goto label;
... .. ...
... .. ...
label:
statement;
The label is an identifier. When the goto statement is encountered, the control of the
program jumps to label: and starts executing the code.
Un-Conditional Control Statements
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ Enter the number whose
int num,i=1; table you want to print?7
printf("Enter the number whose table you want to print?"); 7x1=7
scanf("%d",&num); 7 x 2 = 14
table: 7 x 3 = 21
printf("%d x %d = %d\n",num,i,num*i); 7 x 4 = 28
i++; 7 x 5 = 35
if(i<=10) If the condition is true, then 7 x 6 = 42
goto table; control is transferred to label 7 x 7 = 49
} 7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
7 x 10 = 70
 Looping Control Statements
for
The for statement is used to repeatedly execute a single statement or a block of statements as long as the given
condition is TRUE. The for loop consists of three parts: initialization, condition, increment or decrement.
Looping Control Statements

Example: 1*5=5
#include<stdio.h> 2*5=10
void main() 3*5=15
{ 4*5=20
int i,num=5; 5*5=25
for(i=1;i<=10;i++) 6*5=30
{ 7*5=35
printf("%d*%d=%d\n",i,num,(i*num)); 8*5=40
} 9*5=45
} 10*5=50
Looping Control Statements
While

It is a method for executing statements multiple times. The condition is checked in the entry level of the

while loop. While the expression evaluates to true, the control will enter a loop. When the condition is

false, the program control moves to the line following the while loop. If the number of iterations is not

fixed, a while loop is recommended.

Looping Control Statements
While
Looping Control Statements

Example:
#include<stdio.h> 1
void main() 2
{ 3
int x=1; 4
while(x<=10) 5
{ 6
printf("%d\n",x); 7
x++; 8
} 9
} 10
Looping Control Statements
do-while

The do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a portion of the program at least once and

then depends on the given boolean condition for further execution. If the number of iterations is not fixed

and the loop must be executed at least once, the do-while loop is recommended. It is a bottom tested loop

that checks the condition at the bottom of the loop. The exit control looping statement is another name

for the do-while statement.

Looping Control Statements
do-while
Looping Control Statements

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=18;
do
{
printf("i=%d: \n",i);
i=i+1;
}while(i<20); i=18:
} i=19:
Looping Control Statements
nested for
The nested for loop means any type of loop which is defined inside the 'for' loop.
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; update)
{
for(initialization; condition; update)
{
// inner loop statements.
}
// outer loop statements.
}
Looping Control Statements

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n;// variable declaration
printf("Enter the value of n :");
scanf("%d",&n);
// Displaying the n tables.
for(int i=1;i<=n;i++) // outer loop
{
for(int j=1;j<=3;j++) // inner loop
{
printf("%d\t",(i*j)); // printing the value. Enter the value of n :3
}
1 2 3
printf("\n");
} 2 4 6
} 3 6 9
Looping Control Statements
nested while loop
The nested while loop means any type of loop which is defined inside the 'while' loop.
Syntax:
while(condition)
{
while(condition)
{
// inner loop statements.
}
// outer loop statements.
}
Looping Control Statements
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int end = 5;
printf("Pattern Printing using Nested While loop");
int i = 1;
while (i <= end) {
printf("\n");
int j = 1;
while (j <= i) { Pattern Printing using Nested
printf("%d ", j); While loop
j = j + 1; 1
} 12
i = i + 1;
123
}
return 0; 1234
} 12345
Introduction to Arrays
One Dimensional(1D) Array Declaration and Initialization
In C language, arrays are referred to as structured data types. An array is defined as finite ordered collection
of homogenous data, stored in contiguous memory locations.
✔ finite means data range must be defined.
✔ ordered means data must be stored in continuous memory addresses.
✔ homogenous means data must be of similar data type.
Advantages of Arrays
In one go, we can initialise storage for more than one value. Because you can create an array of 10, 100 or
1000 values.
They make accessing elements easier by providing random access. By random access we mean you can
directly access any element in an array if you know its index.
Sorting and searching operations are easy on arrays.
Introduction to Arrays
One Dimensional(1D) Array Declaration and Initialization
Disadvantages of Arrays
Due to its fixed size, we cannot increase the size of an array during runtime. That means once you have
created an array, then it's size cannot be changed.
Insertion and deletion of elements can be costly, in terms of time taken.
Declaring Arrays in C
data-type variable-name[size];
/* Example of array declaration */
char a[5]; /* char type value array */
float ar[9]; /* float type value array */
int arr[10]; /* int type value array */
Introduction to Arrays
One Dimensional(1D) Array Declaration and Initialization

Initialization of Array in C
After an array is declared it must be initialized. Otherwise, it will contain garbage value(any random value).
An array can be initialized at either compile time or at runtime. That means, either we can provide values to
the array in the code itself, or we can add user input value into the array.
data-type array-name[size] = { list of values };
int marks[4] = { 67, 87, 56, 77 };
Introduction to Arrays
One Dimensional(1D) Array Declaration and Initialization
Example:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
int arr[] = {2, 3, 4}; // Compile time array initialization
for(i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
{
printf("%d\t",arr[i]);
}
}
Output:
234
Introduction to Arrays

Runtime Array initialization in C

An array can also be initialized at runtime using scanf() function. This approach is usually used for

initializing large arrays, or to initialize arrays with user specified values.

To input elements in an array, we can use a for loop or insert elements at a specific index.

For example, to insert element at specific index,

scanf("%d", &arr[3]); // will insert element at index 3, i.e. 4th position

Introduction to Arrays

Example:
#include<stdio.h>
void main(){

int arr[5];
printf("Enter array elements:"");
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
Output:
printf("Array elements are:""); Enter array elements:3 2 4 1 5
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) Array elements are:3 2 4 1 5
printf("%d ", arr[i]); Sum =15
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
sum += arr[i];
printf("Sum =%d", sum);
}
Introduction to Arrays

Accessing, Indexing and Operations with 1D Arrays

To access all elements
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) // use index to access values from the array
printf("%d", Arr[i]);
To access and print elements at specified index,
printf("%d", Arr[0]); //prints first element of the array
printf("%d", Arr[5]); //prints sixth element of the array
Arrays in C are indexed starting at 0, as opposed to starting at 1. The first element of the array above is
point[0]. The index to the last value in the array is the array size minus one. In the example above the
subscripts run from 0 through 5. C does not guarantee bounds checking on array accesses
Introduction to Arrays

Accessing, Indexing and Operations with 1D Arrays

char y;
int z = 9;
char point[6] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
//examples of accessing outside the array. A compile error is not always raised
y = point[15];
y = point[-4];
y = point[z];
Introduction to Arrays

Operations on Arrays in C
There are a number of operations that can be performed on an array which are:
1. Traversal
2. Copying
3. Reversing
4. Sorting
5. Insertion
6. Deletion
7. Searching
8. Merging
Introduction to Arrays

Operations on Arrays in C
There are a number of operations that can be performed on an array which are:
1. Traversal
Traversal means accessing each array element for a specific purpose, either to perform an operation on
them , counting the total number of elements or else using those values to calculate some other result.
Introduction to Arrays

Operations on Arrays in C
There are a number of operations that can be performed on an array which are:
2. Copying elements of an Array
// Copying data from source array A to destination array 'b
for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
arr2[i] = arr1[i]; }
3. Reversing an elements of an Array
Reversing an array means that the sequence of elements of array will be reversed.
For instance if your array ‘A’ has two elements : A[0] = 1; A[1] = 2; then after reversal A[0] = 2 and A[1] =
1.
Introduction to Arrays

Operations on Arrays in C
4. Sorting elements of an Array
Sorting elements if array means to order the elements in ascending or descending order – usually in
ascending order.
Introduction to Arrays Position invalid

Operations on Arrays in C
5. Insertion
printf("Enter the value to insert\n");
scanf("%d", &value);
for (i = n - 1; i >= position - 1; i--)
array[i+1] = array[i];
array[position-1] = value; //inserting value at the required location

Important:
⮚ Insertion can be done at any position
⮚ Check the entered position is valid or not
⮚ If position is valid, the element is inserted at required position
Introduction to Arrays
Position invalid
Operations on Arrays in C
6. Deletion if (position >= n+1 || position < 0)
printf("Deletion not possible as entered location is
for (i = position - 1; i < n - 1; i++) invalid.\n");
array[i] = array[i+1];
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 1D-(Example-1)
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[5] = {1,3,5,7,9};
printf("The elements of arrays are :");
for(int i=0; i<5; i++){
printf(" %d",arr[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output:
The elements of arrays are : 1 3 5 7 9
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 1D-(Example-2)
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int arr[12] = {1,3,5,7,9,10,12,14,23,22,33,35};
printf("The even elements in arrays are :");
for(int i=0; i<12; i++){
if(arr[i]%2==0) printf(" %d",arr[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output:
The even elements in arrays are : 10 12 14 22
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 1D-(Example-3)
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int arr[10];
int i;
printf("\n\nRead and Print elements of an array:\n");
printf("-----------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input 10 elements in the array :\n");
for(i=0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("element - %d : ",i);
scanf("%d", &arr[i]);
}
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 1D-(Example-3) Output:
printf("\nElements in array are: "); Read and Print elements of an array:
for(i=0; i<10; i++) -----------------------------------------
{ Input 10 elements in the array :
printf("%d ", arr[i]); element - 0 : 1
} element - 1 : 2
printf("\n"); element - 2 : 3
} element - 3 : 4
element - 4 : 5
element - 5 : 7
element - 6 : 8
element - 7 : 9
element - 8 : 1
element - 9 : 1
Elements in array are: 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 1 1
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 1D-(Example-4)
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[100];
int i, n, sum=0;
printf("\n\nFind sum of all elements of array:\n");
printf("--------------------------------------\n");
printf("Input the number of elements to be stored in the array :");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Input %d elements in the array :\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("element - %d : ",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 1D-(Example-4)

for(i=0; i<n; i++)

{
sum += a[i];// sum=sum+a[i]
}
printf("Sum of all elements stored in the array is : %d\n\n", sum);
}

Output:
Find sum of all elements of array:
--------------------------------------------
Input the number of elements to be stored in the array :3
Input 3 elements in the array :
element - 0 : 2
element - 1 : 5
element - 2 : 8
Sum of all elements stored in the array is : 15
Introduction to Arrays
Initializing and Accessing 2D Arrays
Declaration
data-type array-name[row-size][column-size];
double arr[5][5];
int a[3][4];
Introduction to Arrays #include<stdio.h>
void main()
1.Initializing and Accessing 2D Arrays {
Compile-time initialization of a two int arr[3][4];
dimensional Array int i, j, k;
printf("Enter array elements:\n");
int arr[][3] = { {0,0,0}, {1,1,1}}; for(i = 0; i < 3;i++)
{
char a[][2] = {{'a', 'b'},{'c', 'd'}}; for(j = 0; j < 4; j++)
int arr1[2][2] = {1, 2, 3, 4}; {
scanf("%d", &arr[i][j]);
}
}
for(i = 0; i < 3; i++)
2. Runtime
{
initialization of a two
for(j = 0; j < 4; j++)
dimensional Array
{
printf("%d", arr[i][j]);
}
}
}
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 2D-(Example-1)
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
/* 2D array declaration*/
int arr[2][3];
/*Counter variables for the loop*/
int i, j;
for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
printf("Enter value for disp[%d][%d]:", i, j);
scanf("%d", &arr[i][j]);
}
}
Introduction to Arrays
//Displaying array elements
printf("Two Dimensional array elements:\n");
for(i=0; i<2; i++) {
for(j=0;j<3;j++) {
printf("%d ", arr[i][j]);
if(j==2){ Output:
printf("\n"); Enter value for disp[0][0]:1
} Enter value for disp[0][1]:2
} Enter value for disp[0][2]:3
Enter value for disp[1][0]:3
Enter value for disp[1][1]:2
Enter value for disp[1][2]:1
Two Dimensional array elements:
1 2 3
3 2 1
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 2D-(Example-2)
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int arr1[50][50],brr1[50][50],crr1[50][50],i,j,n;
printf("\n\nAddition of two Matrices :\n");
printf("------------------------------\n");
printf("Input the size of the square matrix (less than 5): ");
scanf("%d", &n);
/* Stored values into the array*/
printf("Input elements in the first matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&arr1[i][j]);
} }
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 2D-(Example-2)
printf("Input elements in the second matrix :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++) Output:
{ EntAddition of two Matrices :
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{ ------------------------------
printf("element - [%d],[%d] : ",i,j);
scanf("%d",&brr1[i][j]); Input the size of the square matrix (less than
} 5): 2
} Input elements in the first matrix :
printf("\nThe First matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++) element - [0],[0] : 1
{
printf("\n"); element - [0],[1] : 2
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",arr1[i][j]); element - [1],[0] : 3
}
element - [1],[1] : 4
Introduction to Arrays
Array programs- 2D-(Example-2)
printf("\nThe Second matrix is :\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",brr1[i][j]);
he First matrix is :
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
1 2
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
crr1[i][j]=arr1[i][j]+brr1[i][j];
3 4
printf("\nThe Addition of two matrix is : \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
The Second matrix is :
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
5 6
printf("%d\t",crr1[i][j]);
}
7 8
printf("\n\n"); }
Pointers
Introduction

⮚ Pointers are special variables which contain address of any other variable.
⮚ Pointer always contain address.
⮚ Pointers are derived data type.(Because pointer is derived from the fundamental data types).
⮚ Pointer is mainly used for dynamic memory allocation.

For example, an integer int a=10;

variable holds an integer value . float * b;
An integer pointer holds the b=&a;
address of a integer variable.
Here b is the pointer which contains address of
the variable whose data type is float. It can hold
address of float variable only.
Introduction
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() a 10
{
0x7fff0fc21c34
int a=10;
printf("Value of a=%d\n",a);
printf("Address of a=%p",&a);
return 0;
} Address of a

The %p is used to print the

pointer value, and %x is used
to print hexadecimal values.
How to declare pointer?
Syntax:
data_type *pointer_name;
or
data_type* pointer_name;
or
data_type * pointer_name;

The data type of the pointer and the variable to which the pointer variable is pointing must
be the same.
How to initialize pointer variable?
Syntax:

Pointer Initialization is the process of assigning address of a variable to a pointer variable. It contains
the address of a variable of the same data type. In C language address operator & is used to determine the
address of a variable. The & (immediately preceding a variable name) returns the address of the variable
associated with it.

int a=10;

a int * p;
How to initialize pointer variable?

int a=10;

a int * p;
p
p=&a;
2000
How to declare and initialize pointer variable in the same line?

int a=10,*p=&a;

int *p=&a, a=10;

How will you access the value stored in address 2000?

a
p
Indirection (or) dereferencing operator

2000
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

The & operator is used to find the address of the variable.

The * operator is used to access the value of the variable.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=10;
int *p;
p=&a;
printf("Address of a=%p\n", p); To print the address of a
printf("Value of a=%d",*p);
To access the value of a
return 0;
}
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() 429983680 a 10 b 9
{
429983680 429983684
int a=10,b=9; 429983684
int *p,*q;
p=&a;
429983680

q=&b; p 429983680 q 429983684

429983684
printf("%u\n",&a);
500058 500064
printf("%u\n",&b);
10
printf("%u\n",p);
printf("%u\n",q);
9
printf("%d\n",*p);
*p=*(&a)
printf("%d",*q); *p=*(429983680)
return 0; Value at 429983680
} =>10
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

Example:
The precedence of = symbol is higher than
#include <stdio.h>
comma operator.
int main() In this case, address of a is assigned to p.
{ &b will be discarded.
int a=10,b=9;
int *p,*q;
a 10 b 9
p=&a,&b;
printf("%u\n",&a); 429983680 429983684
429983680
printf("%u\n",&b); 429983684
429983680
printf("%u\n",p); 0(Garbage)
printf("%u\n",q); 10 p 429983680 q 429983684

printf("%d\n",*p);
500058 500064
return 0;
}
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

Example: Here, brackets are having higher precedence

than assignment = operator. The first operant
#include <stdio.h>
will be evaluated and discarded. Then second
int main()
operand is evaluated and address of b is
{
assigned to p.
int a=10,b=9;
int *p,*q;
a 10 b 9
p=(&a,&b);
printf("%u\n",&a); 429983680 429983684
429983680
printf("%u\n",&b); 429983684
429983684
printf("%u\n",p); 500064
printf("%u\n",q); 9 p 429983680 q 429983684

printf("%d\n",*p);
500058 500064
return 0;
}
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

Example:
#include <stdio.h> Initially address of a is assigned to p. In turn
int main() address of b is assigned to pointer variable p.
{
int a=10,b=9;
int *p,*q;
p=&a; a 10 b 9
p=&b;
429983680 429983684
printf("%u\n",&a); 429983680
429983684
printf("%u\n",&b);
429983684
printf("%u\n",p); 500064
printf("%u\n",q); 9 p 429983680 q 429983684

printf("%d\n",*p);
500058 500064
return 0;
}
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

Example: Initially address of a is assigned to p. In turn

#include <stdio.h> address of b is assigned to the pointer variable
int main() q.
{
int a=10,b=9;
int *p,*q;
p=&a; a 10 b 9
q=&b;
2557145484 2557145480
printf("%u\n",&a); 2557145484
2557145480
printf("%u\n",&b);
2557145484
printf("%u\n",p); 2557145480
printf("%u\n",q); 10 p 2557145484 q 2557145480

printf("%d\n",*p);
500058 500064
return 0;
}
& (address of) and * (Indirection Operator)

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=10,b=9;
int c; Value of a=10
int *p,*q; Value of a=10
p=&a; 10
q=&b;
c=*p;
printf("Value of a=%d\n",a);
printf("Value of a=%d\n",*p);
printf("%d",c);
return 0;
}
Pointer to Pointer

A pointer to a pointer is a form of multiple indirection, or a chain of pointers. Normally, a

pointer contains the address of a variable. When we define a pointer to a pointer, the first
pointer contains the address of the second pointer, which points to the location that
contains the actual value as shown below.

Second level pointer store the address of first

level pointer. The first level pointer holds the
address of actual variable.
Pointer to Pointer

For example, the following declaration declares a pointer to a pointer of type int −

int **var; ** pointer is the special

variable, used to store address
of another pointer variable.
a 10 9
b
429983680 429983684 int a=10;
int *p;
p=&a int **q;
p=&a;
p 429983680 429983684 q q=&p;
500058 500064

q=&p
Pointer to Pointer

Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main() **q=*(*(q))=*(*(&p))=*(*(50008))=*(429983680)=10
{
int a=10,b=9;
int *p;
int **q; 10
p=&a; 10
q=&p; 819183264
printf("%d\n",**q); 819183264
printf("%d\n",*p); 10
printf("%d\n",*q);
printf("%d\n",p);
printf("%d\n",a);
return 0;
}

printf("%d%d%d",a,*p,**q);
Pointer to Pointer

Example:
#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{ 78
int a=10,b=9; `
int *p;
int **q;
p=&a;
q=&p;
printf("%d\n",**q); 10
printf("%d\n",*p); 10
printf("%d\n",*q); -1288442720
printf("%d\n",p); -1288442720
printf("%d\n",a); 10
**q=78; 78
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}
Void Pointers
The void pointer in C is a pointer that is not associated with any data types. It points to
some data location in the storage. This means that it points to the address of any variable.
It is also called the general purpose pointer.
For example, if we declare the int pointer, then this int pointer cannot point to the
float variable or some other type of variable, i.e., it can point to only int type variable.
To overcome this problem, we use a pointer to void. A pointer to void means a generic
pointer that can point to any data type. We can assign the address of any data type to the
void pointer, and a void pointer can be assigned to any type of the pointer without
performing any explicit typecasting.
Syntax:
void *pointer_name;
Example:
void *ptr;
In the above declaration, the void is the type of the pointer, and 'ptr' is the name of the
pointer.
Void Pointers
Let us consider some examples:
int i=9; // integer variable initialization.
int *p; // integer pointer declaration.
float *fp; // floating pointer declaration.
void *ptr; // void pointer declaration.
p=fp; // incorrect.
fp=&i; // incorrect
ptr=p; // correct
ptr=fp; // correct

The size of the void pointer is the same as the size of the pointer of character type.
void *ptr;
char *cp;
printf("size of void pointer = %d\n\n",sizeof(ptr)); // 8
printf("size of character pointer = %d\n\n",sizeof(cp)); //8
Void Pointers
Dereferencing void pointer
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a=90;
void *ptr;
ptr=&a; // void pointer cannot be dereferenced
printf("Value which is pointed by ptr pointer : %d",*ptr);
return 0;
}
The above program will generate error
printf("Value which is pointed by ptr pointer : %d",*ptr); //Incorrect
printf("Value which is pointed by ptr pointer : %d",*(int*)ptr); //correct
Void Pointers
A null pointer is a pointer that does not point to any memory location and hence does not
hold the address of any variables. It stores the base address of the segment.
The null pointer can be defined in two ways
int *pointer_var=NULL:
(or)
int *pointer_var=0;

Applications of NULL pointer

a) To initialize a pointer variable when that pointer variable isn't assigned any valid
memory address yet.
b) To pass a null pointer to a function argument when we don't want to pass any valid
memory address.
c) To check for null pointer before accessing any pointer variable.
Void Pointers
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr; //pointer is not initialized
printf("Address: %d", ptr); // printing the value of ptr.
printf("Value: %d", *ptr); // dereferencing the illegal pointer
return 0;
}
The above program generate error when dereferencing of the uninitialized pointer variable.

How to avoid the above problem?

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int *ptr=NULL;
if(ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("value of ptr is : %d",*ptr);
}
else
{
printf("Invalid pointer");
}
return 0;
}
Pointer Based Array Manipulation
How to access elements of an array using a pointer?
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3] = {1, 2, 3};
int *p = a;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
printf("%d ", *p);
p++;
}
return 0;
}
Thank You