CHEM 1070B: Principles of Modern
Chemistry
Tutorial
Chemical Bonding
& Chemical Reactions in
Aqueous Solution
LI, Yinan
[email protected]
Targets
• Types of chemical bonds
• Ionic bonding
• Polarity of bonds and molecules
• Formal charges
• Bond order
• Resonance
• Molecular geometry
Types of chemical bonds
Please identify the bonding(s) exist in the following
chemical species.
N2 ICl NaCl Hg BBr3 KI CaCO3 NH4NO3
SiO2
Please identify the bonding(s) exist in the following
chemical species.
N2 ICl NaCl Hg BBr3 KI CaCO3 NH4NO3
Ans:SiO
2
N2: Covalent bond ICl: Covalent bond
NaCl: Ionic bond Hg: Metallic bond
BBr3: Covalent bond KI: Ionic bond
CaCO3: Ionic bond (between Ca2+ and CO32-)
and covalent bond (within CO32-)
NH4NO3: Ionic bond (between NH4+ and NO3-)
and covalent bond (within NH4+ and NO3-)
Ionic bonding
Predict which of the following orderings of lattice energy
is correct among the ionic compounds NaCl, MgO, ScN
and CsI.
a) NaCl > MgO > CsI > ScN
b) ScN > MgO > NaCl > CsI
c) NaCl > CsI > ScN > CaO
d) MgO > NaCl > ScN > CsI
e) ScN > CsI > NaCl > MgO
Predict which of the following orderings of lattice energy
is correct among the ionic compounds NaCl, MgO, ScN
and
Ans: CsI.
Lattice Energy: Eel =
For q1 = q2, if q1 (and hence q2) and d increases by the
same magnitude, the numerator of the equation would
increase faster than the denominator, leading to an
increase in Eel.
Charge > Distance between the particles (related to
its size)
Predict which of the following orderings of lattice energy
is correct among the ionic compounds NaCl, MgO, ScN
and
Ans: CsI.
Species: NaCl MgO ScN
CsI
Charge: +1 -1 +2 -2 +3 -3
+1 -1
Size: Smaller
Larger
∴ b) ScN > MgO > NaCl > CsI
Electronegativity and bond polarities
Larger differences in
electronegativity
larger bond polarity
Electronegativity:
F > O > N ~ Cl
Increase from left to right and from bottom to top
Formal charges - equation
Predict charges distribution
Equation: valence electrons – ½ (bonding electrons) –
nonbonding electrons
Meaning: difference of no. of valence electrons between
certain atom in a molecule and its single atom
E.g. thiocyanate ion
6e- 4e- 6e-
Formal charges: -2 +1 0
Formal charges - best Lewis structure
Position of atoms should be fixed
The one with fewest charge
-ve charge on the most electronegative atom
E.g. nitrous oxide
Best Lewis
Structure
Resonance
E.g. ozone (O3) and NO3-
Similarities between them:
1) Multiple bonds with same combination of atoms
2) Some A-B bonds are single bonds while some are double
bonds in Lewis structure (bond order is a fraction
instead of an integer)
Resonance
Truth:
1) The “single” and “double” bonds are actually the same
(same length and strength), they are neither single bond nor
double bond (bond order ≠ 1 or 2)
2) Different structures exist at the same time
3) Electrons are delocalized
Molecular geometry
Steps:
1) Electron domains
2) Electron-domain geometry
3) Number of bonding and non-bonding domains
4) Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry
Steps (e.g. SF4):
1) Electron domains 4 bonds + 1 lone pairs =5
2) Electron-domain geometry
3) Number of bonding and non-bonding domains
4) Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry
Steps (e.g. SF4):
1) Electron domains 4 bonds + 1 lone pairs =5
2) Electron-domain geometry trigonal bipyramidal
3) Number of bonding and non-bonding domains
4) Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry
Steps (e.g. SF4):
1) Electron domains 4 bonds + 1 lone pairs =5
2) Electron-domain geometry trigonal bipyramidal
3) Number of bonding and non-bonding domains
4 bonding domains and 1 non-bonding domains
4) Molecular geometry
Molecular geometry
Steps (e.g. SF4):
1) Electron domains 4 bonds + 1 lone pairs =5
2) Electron-domain geometry trigonal bipyramidal
3) Number of bonding and non-bonding domains
4 bonding domains and 1 non-bonding domains
4) Molecular geometry seesaw
Specify the arrangements of electron
domains and the molecular geometries for
the following
AsF5 IF4+ SeO32– CrO42–
Lewis structure 2-
F + 2- O
F
F O
(a) AsF5 F As
F
F I F
O Se O
O Cr O
O
F F
Electron 5 5 4 4
domains (ED)
(b) IF4+ ED geometry Trigonal
bipyramidal
Trigonal
bipyramidal
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral
Bonding 5 4 3 4
domains
Nonbonding 0 1 1 0
(c) SeO32– domains
Molecular Trigonal Seesaw Trigonal Tetrahedral
geometry bipyramidal pyramid
(d) CrO42–
Use VSEPR theory to answer the following
questions:
(a) Which molecule, BF3 or PF3, has the smaller
angles?
(b) Which ion, PCl4+ or ICl2–, has the smaller
angles? PF has smaller angle.
3
(c) Which ion,3 CCl -
or
3 24 e
+ 3(7) =
PCl
-
56
-
, has the smaller
+ 3(7) = 26 e
-
angles? Trigonal planar,
Cl-B-Cl bond angle:
Trigonal pyramidal,
F-P-F bond angle: less
120o than 109.5o
Non-bonding eˉ pairs are located closer to the central atom,
and create stronger repulsive force that can decrease the bond
angles of bonding ED
https://sciencenotes.org/printable-
Use VSEPR theory to answer the following
questions:
(a) Which molecule, BF3 or PF3, has the smaller
angles?
(b) Which ion, PCl4+ or ICl2–, has the smaller
angles? PCl has smaller angle.
4
+
(c) Which ion, CCl
5 + 4(7) - 1 = 32 e -
Tetrahedral, 3
-
or PCl
7 + 2(7) + 6 1,= has
-
-
22 e
the smaller
angles? Cl-P-Cl109.5
bond angle:
o
Linear,
Cl-I-Cl bond angle: 180
o
https://sciencenotes.org/printable-
Use VSEPR theory to answer the following
questions:
(a) Which molecule, BF3 or PF3, has the smaller
angles?
(b) Which ion, PCl4+ or ICl2–, has the smaller
angles?
PCl6- has smaller angle.
(c) Which ion, CCl3- or PCl6-, has the smaller
angles? 4 + 3(7) + 1 = 26 e 5 + 6(7) + 1 = 48 e
- -
Trigonal pyramidal, Octahedral,
Cl-C-Cl bond angle: less than Cl-P-Cl bond angle: 90o
109.5o
https://sciencenotes.org/printable-
Targets
• Hybridized orbital
• Molecular orbital
• Energy-level diagram
Hybridized orbital
Mixing of atomic orbitals of similar energy to form hybrid
atomic orbitals
Electron Hybridizati Bond angle Shape
domain on
2 sp 180º
3 sp2 120º
4 sp3 109.5º
Write Lewis structures for the following:
(a) H2CO (both H atoms are bonded to C),
What is the hybridization for “C”
sp2 hybridization
(b) AsO33- ,
What is the hybridization for “As”
sp3 hybridization
(c) H2SO3 (H is bonded to O),
What is the hybridization for “S”
sp3 hybridization
σ bond and π bond
single bond: one σ bond
double bond: one σ bond and one π bond
triple bond: one σ bond and two π bonds
Molecular orbital (e.g. He2+)
Overlapping two occupied 1s atomic orbital (not two 1s e-)
Energy-level diagram (e.g. He2+)
Energy-level diagram (e.g. He2+)
Common types of questions:
1) Draw the energy-level diagram
2) Molecular orbital configuration: σ1s2σ*1s1
3) Bond order: (no. of bonding e- - no. of antibonding e-)
=
Remarks: bond order = 0 no bonding between two
atoms / ions the molecule doesn’t exist
4) Magnetic behavior: paramagnetic
Remarks: has unpaired e- paramagnetic
all paired diamagnetic
Energy-level diagram – exceptional cases: B, C,
N
Remarks:
Energy-level diagram (e.g. CN)1) The greater the
electronegativity, the
lower the energy
2) The closer the AO to MO,
the greater contribution
the atom is
Energy-level diagram (e.g. CN)
Molecular orbital configuration: σ2s2σ*2s2π2p4σ2p1
Bond order: (no. of bonding e- - no. of antibonding e-)
=
Magnetic behavior: paramagnetic
Targets
• Balancing chemical equations
• Mole calculation
Steps when writing chemical equations
Balance the following equations and indicate whether they are
combination, decomposition or combustion reaction.
a) C3H6(g) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
b) NH4NO3(aq) N2O(g) + H2O(g)
c) C7H8O2(l) + O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g)
d) Al(s) + Cl2(g) AlCl3(s)
Answer:
a) 2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) (combustion)
b) NH4NO3(aq) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g) (decomposition)
c) C7H8O2(l) + 8O2(g) 7CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) (combustion)
d) 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s) (combination)
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No. of particles, mole and molar mass
conversion
Combustion reaction calculation
When H2S(g) is bubbled into NaOH(aq), the reaction forms
Na2S(aq) and H2O(l). How many grams of Na2S are formed if
1.25 g of H2S is bubbled into a solution containing 2.00 g of
NaOH, assuming that Na2S is made in 92.0% yield? (H:
1.00794, O: 15.9994, Na: 22.989770, S: 32.065)
AnsFirst, write down the chemical equation,
H2S(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2S(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Second, find out which reactant is the limiting
reagent,
From the chemical equation: 1 mole of H2S reacts with 2 moles of
NaOH.
So, NaOH is the limiting reagent.
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When H2S(g) is bubbled into NaOH(aq), the reaction forms
Na2S(aq) and H2O(l). How many grams of Na2S are formed if
1.25 g of H2S is bubbled into a solution containing 2.00 g of
NaOH, assuming that Na2S is made in 92.0% yield? (H:
1.00794, O: 15.9994, Na: 22.989770, S: 32.065)
Ans H2S(g) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2S(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Finally, we calculate the yield of
Na2S,
From the chemical equation: moles of NaOH consumed = 2 x Moles of
Na2S formed
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A 0.5895 g sample of impure magnesium hydroxide is dissolved in
100.0 mL of 0.2050 M HCl solution. The excess acid then needs
19.85 mL of 0.1020 M NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the
percentage by mass of magnesium hydroxide in the sample,
assuming that it is the only substance reacting with the HCl
solution. (Mg: 24.305 g/mol, H: 1.008 g/mol, O: 16.000 g/mol)
AnsFirst, write down the chemical equations,
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Then, calculate the moles of Mg(OH)2,
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A 0.5895 g sample of impure magnesium hydroxide is dissolved in
100.0 mL of 0.2050 M HCl solution. The excess acid then needs
19.85 mL of 0.1020 M NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the
percentage by mass of magnesium hydroxide in the sample,
assuming that it is the only substance reacting with the HCl
solution. (Mg: 24.305 g/mol, H: 1.008 g/mol, O: 16.000 g/mol)
AnsThen, calculate the molar mass of Mg(OH)2,
Finally, calculate the mass of Mg(OH)2 in the
sample,
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