Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Aviation Industry
Certification Requirements
Chapter 4
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
February 19
• 1912 — One of the most
successful pre-World War I
airship operations begins
with the first flight of the
Zeppelin LZ II, “Victoria
Louise,” and its introduction
into service with the
German airship company
DELAG.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
February 19
• 1934 — All domestic air
mail contracts having been
annulled by order of
President Roosevelt on 9
February.
• The United States Army Air
Corps starts to fly the mail.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
February 19
• 1936 — Brig. Gen.
William Mitchell died in
New York City.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
February 19
• 1937 — Howard Hughes
establishes a new
transcontinental speed
record of 7 hours 28
minutes 25 seconds from
Los Angeles to Newark,
New Jersey.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
February 19
• 1945 — Marines land on
Iwo Jima.
THIS DAY IN AVIATION
February 19
• 1982 — The first Boeing
757 takes to the air on its
maiden flight.
• With capacity for between
178 and 239 passengers
in a wide variety of
configurations, it has a
cruising speed of 528 mph
and a range of 2,100 mi.,
or 5,343 mi. at economic
cruise.
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Aviation Industry
Certification Requirements
Chapter 4
Questions / Comments
Aviation Industry Certification
Requirements
Introduction
Aircraft Certification
Delivery Inspection
Operator Certification
Certification of Personnel
Aviation Maintenance Certifications
Aviation Industry Interaction
Summary
Introduction
Aviation Industry is the most heavily
regulated of all the transportation modes.
From Design
Through the Manufacturing efforts
Operation
Maintenance
Personnel
Aircraft Certification
Three Certifications for full certification of
the airplane:
Type Certificate
Production Certificate
Airworthiness Certificate
Aircraft design
Manufacturing Process
Aircraft itself
Type Certification (FAA form 8110.9)
All aircraft built for commercial or private
use must have an approved Type
Certificate (TC)
TC defines:
The vehicle
Engines and/or propellers
Various instruments
Systems
Equipment that make up model
Type Certification (FAA form 8110.9)
TC also defines:
Capabilities and limitations of vehicle
Passenger and/or cargo carrying limits
Altitude limits
Fuel capacity
Top speed and Cruising Speed
All these parameters combined (which
define the airframe/engine combination)
must be identified on a data sheet attached
to the certificate
Type Certification (FAA form 8110.9)
This design of the airframe/engine
combination must be proven to the FAA by
way of inspections and test flights
A Final FAA proving flight is conducted
before the TC is awarded.
The TC is applied for in the early design
stages but not awarded until built, tested in
flight to ensure it meets the standards of
safety and airworthiness.
Type Certification (FAA form 8110.9)
Variations or derivatives of a given model
the TC can be amended
FAA will issue a Supplemental Type
Certificate (STC)
FAA will only issue TCs for products
manufactured in the US or Foreign-made
products intended for use in US
Refer to page 47
Production Certification (FAA form
8120.4)
Once TC is awarded – manufacturer applies
for Production Certificate (PC)
PC issued when FAA satisfied:
with quality control system that consists of
necessary manufacturing and production facilities
Effective quality system for compliance with 14
CFR part 21
Approved design data for each aircraft built to TC
standards
Each copy of the aircraft must be built to TC
standards
Production Certification (FAA form
8120.4)
A manufacturer usually gets one
production certificate
Each subsequent aircraft is added to
original PC
PC is good for as long as manufacturer
complies with requirements of original
issuance
FAA may cancel, suspend, supersede, or
revoke the PC for just cause at any time
Airworthiness Certification (FAA
form 8100-2)
Awarded by the FAA’s Manufacturing
Inspection District Office (MIDO) to each
aircraft produced by the manufacturer
The certificate is awarded after the aircraft has
passed all inspections and a successful flight
test – just prior to delivery to the customer
The AC contains the aircraft’s unique serial
(tail) number
Airworthiness Certification (FAA
form 8100-2)
The AC remains in effect as long as these
conditions are met:
Aircraft meets its type design
Aircraft is in a condition for safe operation
All applicable airworthiness directives (ADs) have
been incorporated
Maintenance and alterations are performed in
accordance with applicable FARs
FAA may cancel, suspend, supersede, or revoke
the AC if any of the above have been violated
Airworthiness Certification (FAA
form 8100-2)
FAA rules require that the AC be displayed
in the aircraft (usually by the main door)
Airworthiness Certificate is also allowed for
the following categories of vehicles:
Normal
Utility
Acrobatic
Transport
Special Classes
Airworthiness Certification (FAA
form 8100-2)
FAA authorization is required to operate any type of
aerial vehicle in U.S. airspace
Various categories:
Primary
Aircraft flown for pleasure or personal use
Restricted
Agriculture, forest, and wildlife, surveying, patrolling,
weather use
Light-Sport
Light sport aircraft, ultralight vehicle use
Experimental
R&D, air racing, crew training, unmanned aircraft system
use
Delivery Inspection
Prior to delivery to a customer
The customer inspects aircraft to ensure it meets
customer specifications and requirements.
Includes – basic design, options, customer
furnished equipment (shape color, and positioning
of the airline logo)
Inspection includes a test flight by their own
flight and cabin crews
Once the customer accepts aircraft from the
manufacturer
That customer is responsible for maintaining in
airworthy condition IAW its own maintenance
program and regulatory authority rules.
Operator Certification
Operator can not just buy a plane, get a
license, advertise for customers and
enter commercial service
Must provide necessary info:
He/she understands the business aspect of
commercial aviation
Understands the operational and maintenance
aspects of commercial aviation operation
Has the necessary people, facilities, and
processes in place to carry out that business
Operator Certification
Secretary of the Department of
Transportation (DOT) issues a “certificate of
public convenience and necessity” –
authorizing to enter into commercial
transportation
The applicant is “fit, willing and able” to
perform the service
The OC is issued by the Flight Standards
District Office (FSDO)
The OC is NOT transferrable to another
operator
Operator Certification
The OC remains in effect indefinitely
unless surrendered by the operator,
superseded by another certificate, or
revoked by the FAA
Federal Aviation Act of 1958 requires
airlines to develop an Operations
Specifications Document (Ops Specs)
for each type of aircraft to be operated
Operator Certification
Ops Specs outlines operational
activities:
Type of service to be offered, passenger,
cargo, or combination
Type of aircraft to be used
Routes to be flown
Airports and alternate airports that will be used
Navigation and communication facilities to be
utilized on each route
Way points used in navigation
Take off and approach routes – including
alternate approach routes at each airport
Operator Certification
Ops Specs must also identify the
maintenance and inspection program
applicable to the model
Including scheduled and unscheduled
maintenance
Inspection program
Engine and equipment repair program (off-
aircraft maintenance)
Quality assurance and reliability programs
If any aircraft or systems maintenance is
performed by third party that agreement
must also be in the Ops Specs
Certification of Personnel
• Airline operations under part 121 state
•
Airline must have sufficient full-time qualified management
and technical personnel to ensure a high degree of safety
in its operations
•
The must have the necessary “training, experience, and
expertise” for conduction the business of aviation and must
be knowledgeable of the regulatory and airline policies and
procedures as they relate to their specific jobs
Aviation Maintenance Certifications
• Aviation Maintenance training schools
must train in accordance with FAA
regulations
• To earn an Airframe and Powerplant
(A&P) license – aviation schools must
fulfill three requirements (before taking
FAA A&Ps exam)
•
General Aviation Course
•
Airframe Course
•
Power plant Course
•
Avionics/FCC license course (optional)
General Aviation Course
• Is a building block or provides a
foundation to aviation maintenance
• History of Aviation
• Cross References, Diagrams, and
subject matter as an excellent resource
for someone just starting out
• Include Federal Aviation Regulations
(FAR) and Advisory Circulars (AC)
Airframe Course
• Covers aircraft metals, structure, and all
other components – excluding engines
• Provides understanding of aircraft
structures and components
•
Cut, tear, weld and lubricate aircraft systems
and components
•
Include use and understanding or hydraulic
and pneumatic systems
• Mimic aviation maintenance shops with
hands on involvement
Power Plant Course
• Introduction to aircraft engines, their
design, and the construction and
reciprocating engines and turbine
engines
• Covers:
•
fuel delivery systems of an engine
•
functioning of cooling and exhaust
•
maintenance and troubleshooting of ignition
systems
• Must take oral and practical tests
administered by an FAA flight standard
inspector
Avionics/FCC Course
• Curriculum covers:
•
Introduction to electronic and avionics theory
and practical applications
• Avionics technicians troubleshoot, repair
and maintain:
•
Aircraft electrical systems
•
RADAR
•
GPWS
•
Terrain collision and avoidance systems
•
Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
•
Soldering broken wires
• Requires great attention to detail
Aviation Industry Interaction
• Made up of:
•
Aircraft Manufacturers
•
Manufacturers and venders of parts,
systems and accessories for the aircraft
•
Airline operators
•
Third-party maintenance organizations
•
Trade associations
• Air Transport Association of America
(ATA)
• International Air Transport Association
(IATA)
• Flight crew, cabin crew
• Mechanics’ unions
• Regulatory Authorities
Aviation Industry Interaction
• All are constantly working together to
develop and improve aviation both
technically and operationally
• Continuous Quality Improvement – is the
key
Aviation Industry Certification
Requirements - Summary
Introduction
Aircraft Certification
Delivery Inspection
Operator Certification
Certification of Personnel
Aviation Maintenance Certifications
Aviation Industry Interaction
Summary
Questions?
