CET 456: REPAIR & REHABILITATION OF

BUILDINGS

MODULE 1: SYLLABUS
Introduction - Maintenance, rehabilitation, repair, retrofit and strengthening, need
for rehabilitation of structures. Cracks in R.C. buildings - Various cracks in R.C.
buildings, causes and effects. Damages to masonry structures - Various damages to
masonry structures and causes
MAINTENANCE:
⮚ The act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing it
regularly.
REPAIR:
⮚ Repair is the process of restoring something that is damaged or
broken, to good condition.
REHABILITATION:
⮚ The process of returning a building or an area to its previous good
conditions.
FACETS OF MAINTENANCE:
The two facets of maintenance are,
⮚ Prevention.
⮚ Repair.
NECESSITY OF MAINTENANCE:
❖ Preventions of damages.
❖ Decay due to natural agencies, wear and tear.
❖ To keep them in good appearance and working condition.
❖ To reduce the causes against building.
❖ Repair of the defects occurred in the structure and strengthened them.
❖ It will increase the life of the building.
❖ It will reduce the risk for occupants.
❖ It will reduce the outgoing expanses.
❖ It will maintain the value of the building.
❖ It will save the building from all weathering actions.
❖ Adequate maintenance is important because repair, and rehabilitation of structure
cost is huge.
❖ It will protect the whole structure.
IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE
❖ Improves the life of structure
❖ Improved life period gives better return on investment
❖ Better appearance and aesthetically appealing
❖ Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence remedial measures
❖ Prevents major deterioration that leads to collapse
❖ Ensures safely to occupants
❖ Ensures feeling of confidence by the user
CAUSES WHICH NECESSITATE TO THE
MAINTENANCE:
❖ The Causes which necessitate maintenance affects the
serviceability and durability of the structure.
1. Atmospheric agencies.
a. Rain, b. Wind, c. Temperature.

2. Normal wear and tear.

3. Failure of structure.
 1. Atmospheric agencies:
Rain (a):
It is the important source of water which affects the structure in the following ways.
i. Physical: Dissolving and carrying away minerals as it is a universal solvent.
ii. Expansion and Contraction: The material is subjected to reputation expansion and
contraction while it becomes wet and dry and develops the stresses.
iii. Erosion: Transportation and attrition and abrasion of the materials is quite an evident
effect of the water.
iv. Chemicals: The water available in nature contains acid and alkali and other
compounds in dissolved form all over the material to give rise which is known as
chemical weathering.
v. Expansion of water: The variation of temperature causes the expansion and
contraction of absorbed water and affects the micro structures of the materials.
 1. Atmospheric agencies:
Wind (b):
❖ It is the agent which transports the abrasive material and assist the physical
weathering.
❖ Its action is aggravated during rains.
❖ When it is moving with high speed it may contain some acidic gases like CO2
fumes.
❖ Which may act over the material and penetrate quite a display in the material
and structure.
 1. Atmospheric agencies:
Temperature(c):
❖ The seasonal and annual variation of the temperature.
❖ The surface of material causes expansion and contraction.
❖ The development of cracks and the rock may breaker away into smaller units.
❖ The temperature variation may also cause change in the structures and chemical
composition of the material.
2. Normal wear and tear:
❖ During the use of structure it is subjected to abrasion and thereby it loses appearance
and serviceability.
3. Failure of structure: (causes)
❖ Improper design
❖ Insufficient data regarding use.
❖ Loading and environmental conditions.
❖ Improper Selection of material and poor detailing.
❖ Defective construction.
❖ Poor materials and poor workmanship.
❖ Lack of quality control and supervision.
❖ Improper uses of structure-over loading.
❖ Lack of maintenance, lack of up keep.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE:
1. PLANNED MAINTENANCE
● It improves uptime and quality of output and reduces repair maintenance costs
through the continuous quality improvement of equipment operation.
● Planned Maintenance provides guidelines for a total system of activities in which all
employees work to improve the quality of product output, increase production
uptime, reduce costs of operations and reduce the amount and complexity of
machinery required.
● It includes scheduled and unscheduled maintenance programs with strategies for
responding to machinery and equipment failures.
● Planned maintenance includes two main activities:
A) Preventive Maintenance
B) Corrective Maintenance:
A) Preventive Maintenance
● It is a schedule of planned maintenance actions aimed at the prevention of
breakdowns and failures.
● The primary goal of preventive maintenance is to prevent the failure of equipment
before it actually occurs.
● It is designed to preserve and enhance equipment reliability by replacing worn
components before they actually fail.
● Preventive maintenance activities include equipment checks, partial or complete
overhauls at specified periods, oil changes, lubrication and so on. In addition,workers
can record equipment deterioration so they know to replace or repair worn parts
before they cause system failure.
● Recent technological advances in tools for inspection and diagnosis have enabled
even more accurate and effective equipment maintenance.
● The ideal preventive maintenance program would prevent all equipment failure
before it occurs.
B) Corrective Maintenance:
● Corrective maintenance consists of the action(s) taken to restore a failed system to
operational status.
● This usually involves replacing or repairing the component that is responsible for the
failure of the overall system.
● Corrective maintenance is performed at unpredictable intervals because a
component's failure time is unpredictable.
● The objective of corrective maintenance is to restore the system to satisfactory
operation within the shortest possible time.
Corrective maintenance is typically carried out in three steps:
1. Diagnosis of the problem: The maintenance technician must
take time to locate the failed parts or otherwise satisfactorily assess
the cause of the system failure.
2. Repair and/or replacement of faulty component(s): Once the
cause of system failure has been determined, action must be taken
to address the cause, usually by replacing or repairing the
components that caused the system to fail.
3. Verification of the repair action: Once the components in
question have been repaired or replaced, the maintenance
technician must verify that the system is again successfully
operating.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE: (Contd)

2. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE:
● Routine maintenance is such activities as cleaning, dusting,
lubricating, checkup of important parts such as battery.
● These activities are to be performed on a daily or weekly basis.
Some of these form part of scheduled maintenance.
● Routine maintenance, normally does not involve any
replacement of parts.
CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE: (Contd)

3. SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE:
● Scheduled maintenance is a maintenance activity undertaken on equipments as per a
plan of action, which gives the sequence in which various jobs would be attended.
● The schedule gives the calendar day and time at which a particular job is undertaken.
● A maintenance schedule is prepared for a week. As the job content of maintenance

activity is variable, the schedule for the next day is

usually firmed up at the end of each day.
● The scheduled maintenance activities may be preventive or break down in nature.
The maintenance schedule is prepared based on certain rules such
as:
1. First come first served
2. Emergency priority job first
3. Shortest competition time job first
4. Longest competition time job first
5. Random
CLASSIFICATION OF MAINTENANCE: (Contd)
4. PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE:
● Predictive maintenance's main goal is to predict equipment failures based on certain parameters and
factors.
● Once predicted, manufacturers take needed steps to prevent this failure with corrective or scheduled
maintenance.
● Predictive maintenance allows plant management to control the machinery and maintenance programs
rather than vice versa.
● In a plant using predictive maintenance, the overall machinery condition at any time is known, and much
more accurate planning is possible.
● Some examples of using predictive maintenance and predictive maintenance sensors include vibration
analysis, oil analysis, thermal imaging, and equipment observation.
REPAIR.
● Repair is the technical aspects of rehabilitation. It refers to the modification of a structure, partly or wholly, which is damaged in appearance or serviceability.
● The execution of such a repair is an exacting, technical matter involving 5 basic steps.
i. finding the deterioration
ii. determining the cause
iii. evaluating the strength of existing building or structure
iv. evaluating the need of repair
v. Selecting & implementing a repair procedure.
i)finding the deterioration
● the engineer charged or interested in maintenance must be trained, technically, in where to look, how to look & what to look.
ii) determine the cause
● To select the repair step, the cause has to be identified.
● the failure to understand the cause of a defect can lead to the selection of a repair procedure which would be harmful, rather than helpful.
● For eg:- (cracks in walls due the foundation settlements run diagonally)
(Cracks due to corrosion of reinforcement run straight & parallel at uniform intervals & show evidences of rust, staining)
iii) evaluate the strength of the existing structure
● This should be done to know whether it is safe to continue using the structure or limit its usage
● the following methods can be used to determine the strength.
Methods to evaluate the strength of the existing structure:-
a) fixed percentage method
● It is to assume that all members which have lost less than some predetermined % of their strength are still adequate and that all members which have lost more than the strength are inadequate.
● It is usually from 15% onwards.
● Higher values are applicable for piling
b) analysis of the actual stress condition:
● The method is to make detailed stress analysis of the structure, as it stands including allowances for loss of section where it has occurred
● First step is to make preliminary analysis by fixed percentage method
● If major repairs will be required, the strength is reevaluated based on detailed stress analysis, considering all contributions to such strength.
c) load test
● In situ load testing methods include the application of a pre-determined load in
combination with response measurements of the structure.
● The main response measurement is deflection, but rotation, strain, crack width,
acoustic emission, and other measurements may be included.
● Load test show strengths much greater than computed Strengths when performed
on actual structures

iv) evaluate the need of repair

● When the cause of the deterioration has been determined and the strength of the
existing structure has been checked, a decision must be made whether
a. To permit deterioration to continue
b. To make measures to preserve the structure in its present condition
● These decisions are based on safety, economy & appearance of structure.
v) select & implement a repair procedure:
● Consider total cost
● Do repair job in time
● If defects are few & isolated, repair on an individual basis.
● Otherwise do in generalized manner
● Ensure that the repair prevents further development of defects
● In case of lost strength, repairs should restore the strength
● Repair works should not interface with facilities of the structure
● Take proper care while adding section to a member and reattributing live loads and other live load moments.
● After selecting a suitable method of repairs, and after considering all the ramifications of its application, the last step is to prepare plans & specification and proceed with the work.
CAUSES OF DETERIORATION IN STRUCTURES
a) Design and construction Flows
● Well-designed and detailed concrete structure will show less deterioration in
comparison with poorly designed and detailed concrete, in this similar condition
● The beam-column joints are particularly probe to defective concrete, if detailing and
placing of reinforcement is not done properly.
b) Environmental effects
● Micro-cracks present in the concrete are the source of access of moisture and
atmospheric carbon-di-oxide into the concrete, which attack reinforcement and react
with various ingredients of concrete
● In aggressive environment, concrete structures will deteriorate faster and
strength/life of concrete structures will be severely reduced
 c) Usage of poor Quality Material
● Quality of materials to be used in construction, should be ensured by means of
various tests, as specified in the IS codes.
● Alkali-aggregate and Sulphate attack results in early deterioration.
● Clayed materials in the fine aggregates may weaken the mortar-aggregate bond, and
reduce the strength.
d) Quality of Supervision
● Construction work should be carried out as per the specifications.
● Adherence to specified water-cement ratio controls strength, permeability and
durability of concrete.
● Insufficient vibration may result in porous and honey-combed concrete, whereas
excess vibration may cause segregation & bleeding.
 Micro-cracks Sulphate attack

Alkali-aggregate reaction honey-combed concrete

 e) Deterioration due to Corrosion
● Spalling of concrete cover
● Cracks parallel to the reinforcement
● Spalling at edges
● Swelling of concrete
● Dislocation
The Concrete Identified Swollen After Hardened

dislocation damage of the face slab construction joints

REHABILITATION.
● Rehabilitation is the process of restoring the structure to service level by means of
repair, modification or alteration.
● It is related to strength aspect of the structures
● The following steps are generally used in the rehabilitation of distressed concrete
structure:
� Support the structural members properly as required.
� Remove all cracked, spalled and loose concrete.
� Clean the exposed concrete surfaces and steel reinforcement
� Provide additional reinforcing bars, if the loss in reinforcement is more than 10%
� Apply protective coatings over the exposed/repaired surface.
NEED FOR REPAIR AND REHABILITATION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE

The need of structural repairs can arise from any of the following:
● Faulty design of the structure
● Improper execution and bad workmanship
● Extreme weathering and environmental conditions
● High degree of chemical attack
● Ageing of the structure
RETROFITTING:
● Measures or process carried out to restore or enhance the load-carrying capacity
and/or performance of a structure or its components.
● These measures may vary depending upon intended purpose, type of structural
component and extent of damage
● Retrofitting helps in reducing the vulnerability of damage to an existing structure in
case of any natural disaster or seismic activity.
● Retrofitting of RCC structural members is done so that the deteriorated concrete
element structure regains its strength. It also helps to prevent further distress in
concrete elements.
● Various retrofitting techniques: external plate bonding, grouting, external post-
tensioning, section enlargement, and fibre reinforced polymer composites.
 grouting

external plate bonding

 Section-enlarging Reinforcing Method
external post-tensioning of bridges
 Carbon fiber
reinforced polymer
retrofit for columns
STRENGTHENING:
● Strengthening consists in endowing the structure with a service level, higher than that
initially planned by modifying the structure not necessarily damaged structure.
● It is a process carried out to increase the strength of a structural component
● It is considered in cases where expected loading may exceed the capacity of member.
● It is also required to relieve stresses generated by design or construction errors
● Structural strengthening techniques for existing building
❖ Epoxy injection
❖ FRP Composite System – PT and Non-PT
❖ FRP Laminate Systems -PT and Non-PT
❖ Fiber-mesh Reinforced cementitious mortar (FRCM)
❖ Micro reinforced Jacketing
 FRP Laminate Systems
Epoxy injection
Confinement procedure (carbon-FRCM): a) placement of the first layer of matrix, b) placement of fibers; c)
placement of matrix on top of the fibers.